
REV. PAITI, HENKEL. 



HISTORY 






OF THE 



EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN 



TENNESSEE SYNOD, 



EMBRACING 



An Account of the Causes, which gave Risk to Its 

Organization ; Its Organization and Name ; Its 

Position and Confessional Basis ; Object of 

Its Organization; Work, Development, 

and Various Sessions; Its Policy; 

And Its Future. 



BY 

SOCRATES 'HENKEL, D. D. 




NEW MARKET, VA.: 

Henkei, & Co., Printers and Publishers. 

1890. 



Thb Library 
09 Congress 

WAWIIiOTON 



4>^ 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by 

Henkel & Co., Publishers, New Market, Va., 
in the Office of the librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE 



Some years ago, the author was requested, by the Evangelical 
Lutheran Tennessee Synod, to prepare, for publication, the history of 
this Synod. This seemed to be necessary, in order to present the 
Synod in its true light before the Church and the world. Some years 
were spent in securing proper data or material for that purpose. Re- 
course was had to different sources, as, the Minutes of this Synod and 
of other Synods, as well as to some of the most reliable and intelligent 
members of the Church, who were present during the trials and con- 
flicts which gave rise to its organization, and to other reliable sources. 
The object was to present the true, historical facts, in a fair, impartial 
manner, without any disposition to reflect unnecessarily on any one, 
or to perpetuate strife or contention. An honest, faithful statement 
seemed to be necessary in order to perpetuate the facts. 

Whatever discrepancies may appear in some portions of this his- 
tory, in regard to style, punctuation, &c, may be accounted for on 
the ground, that such portions were quoted in a general way, as they 
appeared on the records from which they were taken. The differences 
which appear in the elements and styles of the obituaries, result from 
the fact, that they are made up, with few exceptions, from the Minutes 
of Synod and church journals, nearly, in most instances, as their 
authors presented them. 

In the preparation of this work, care was taken to give such facts 
and matters as are best calculated to promote the highest interests of 
the Church, and to give them due prominence in a plain, simple way. 
Facts and sound principles should be maintained and perpetuated. 
Truth is what is needed. There is too much cant, prevarication, and 
hypocrisy. 

This work is now humbly submitted to an impartial public, to 

determine how well and faithfully its author has accomplished the 

object contemplated, with the hope, that it may prove a blessing in 

the department for which it is intended, and promote the best interests 

of the Redeemer's Kingdom. 

S. H. 
New Market, Va., i8go. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE CAUSES WHICH GAVE RISE TO ITS ORGANIZATION. 

PAGES. 

Doctrinal Position of the Church up to the Close of the Eighteenth 
Century — Divergencies from the Standards of the Church — 
Causes which Gave Rise to these Deviations from the Confes- 
sions — Pietism, Rationalism, Exaggerated Ideas of Liberty — 
Condition and Position about the Time of the Organization of 
the Tennessee Synod I 

CHAPTER II. 

THE ORGANIZATION AND NAME OF THE SYNOD. 

The Open Rupture — When, Where, and How — The Leaders — 
Organization — When, Where, and by Whom — The Name of the 
Synod — Basis — Regulations 24 

CHAPTER III. 

ITS POSITION AND CONFESSIONAL BASIS. 

The Augsburg Confession and the Doctrines of the Church — The 
Constitution as Revised in 1866 — Its Adherence to the Confes- 
sions — The Printing Establishment — Its Publications 32 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE OBJECT OF ITS ORGANIZATION. 

The Restoration of the Church to its Normal Condition in Doctrine 
and Practice — Its Positive Course — Prosperity of its Work — Its 
Extension in Various States = 40 

CHAPTER V. 

ITS WORK AND DEVELOPMENT. 

Its Different Sessions — When and Where — Its Different Decades — 
Its Accessions — Baptisms, Confirmations for Each Decade — 
Ordinations — Dismissals — Communications — Reasons for Re- 
jecting the General Synod — Its Extension — Contacts with Other 
Synods — Position in Regard to Slavery — Organization of Other 
Synods out of its Members and Congregations — Refutation of 
Resolutions Passed Against it — Its Position Relative to Promis- 



CONTENTS. V 

cuous Communion and Pulpit Fellowship, Secret Societies, and 
Chiliasm — Its Connection with the United Synod — Its Total 
Number of Accessions — Baptisms, Confirmations, Ordinations, 
Applicants, Churches, Ministers — Theological Students — Liter- 
ary Institutions — Basis of United Synod and Constitution — 
Obituaries 43 

CHAPTER VI. 

ITS POLICY. 

Its Opposition to Mingling of the State and Church — They Should 
be Kept Separate — Scriptures Present Sufficient Rules for the 
Church — Denial of the Right of a Majority to Decide Relative 
to Doctrine or Church Discipline — The Word of God the Only 
Standard — Synods only Advisory Bodies — The Purview of Syn- 
ods — Opposition to Incorporating Synod with Civil Authority — 
Congregational Treasuries — The Power in the People or Congre- 
gation — Synods Not Sovereign 262 

CHAPTER VII. 

ITS FUTURE. 

The Indications Favorable — It Has a Future Mission — Prepared 
for it 266 



HISTORY 

OF THE 

EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN 

TENNESSEE SYNOD. 

CHAPTER I. 
THE CAUSES WHICH GAVE RISE TO ITS ORGANIZATION. 

The causes which gave rise to the organization of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in the year 1820, 
will be found chiefly in the position which the Church 
occupied, at that time, in regard to doctrine and practice. 
Hence, it will be necessary, in the outset, to take a brief 
view of the condition of the Church, in these respects, dur- 
ing that period. 

The mpst authentic records seem clearly to indicate 
that the Church generally adhered closely to the doctrines 
and principles of the Bible, as set forth and confessed in the 
Unaltered Augsburg Confession and her other Symbolical 
Books, until towards the close of the eighteenth and the 
beginning of the nineteenth century. 

They were Lutherans, — just what their name indicated. 
The first Swedish colonists even, who settled in this country, 
based themselves firmly on the Augsburg Confession and 
Luther's Catechism. For a number of years every effort to 
preserve these doctrines in their purity and simplicity, was 
made. The instructions to the Governor were: "Before 
all, the Governor must labor and watch, that he render, in 
all things, to Almighty God, the true worship which is his 
due, the glory, the praise, and the homage that belong to 



2 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

him, and take good measures that the Divine service is 
performed according to the true Confession of Augsburg, 
the Council of Upsal, and the ceremonies of the Swedish 
Church, having care that all men, and especially the youth, 
be instructed in all parts of Christianity, and that a good 
ecclesiastical discipline be observed and maintained." — 
Schaeffer* s Early History, p. 15. 

In accepting the aid offered by the King of England 
and the English Society,. the Salzburg refugees made it a 
condition, "that the} T should be protected in the free exer- 
cise of their holy religion, as contained in the Augsburg 
Confession, and the other Symbolical Books of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Church, of which they professed to be 
members." — Dr. Mann' s Lutheranism in America, p. ny. 

Neither did Muhlenberg and his co-laborers teach any 
other doctrines, nor endeavor to establish, in this country, 
any other system of faith, than that inculcated in the Lu- 
theran Confessions and Catechisms. ' 'The Lutheran Church 
in America was, from the beginning, built upon the old 
foundation of the Gospel, as interpreted by the collective 
body of the Symbolical Books ; and ministers and parochial 
school-masters were required to preach and teach in accord- 
ance with them." — Dr. Mann' s Lutheranism i?i America, 
p. 112. 

"When St. Michael's Church, in Philadelphia, was 
founded, in 1743, it was publicly proclaimed : 'The corner- 
stone of this church has been laid, with the design that in 
it may be taught the Evangelical Lutheran doctrines, ac- 
cording to the apostles and prophets, as contained in the 
Unaltered Augsburg Confession, and all the other S} T mbol- 
ical Books.' " — Halle Nachrichten, p. 288. 

"In the year 1748, the ordination of Rev. N. Kurtz 
occurred, the Swedish pastors joining in the performance of 
the solemn rite ; but before it was performed, a declaration 
was exacted from the candidate 'that he would adhere to 
the pure doctrine of our Evangelical Church, according to 
the Word of God and our Confessions of Faith. ' The year 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 3 

preceding, Brunnholz re-dedicated a church, as 'an Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Church, according to the foundation of 
the prophets and apostles, and our Symbolical Books.' " — 
Halle Nachrichten, p. 252. 

"In 1760, Paul D. Pryzelius was admitted into the 
Synod, after having made the following declaration : ' I 
sincerely promise, before God, the Searcher of^hearts, that 
I will teach nothing to my congregations, except what is 
well founded in the canonical books of the Old and New 
Testaments, and to conform, in all my sermons, and in all 
my public and private instructions of the Holy Sacraments, 
to our Symbolical Books.' " — Halle Nachrichten, p. 856. 

"In 1 76 1, Muhlenberg gave direction for the form of 
the deeds for the newly begun church at Barren Hill, to 
the effect that they be ' prepared in such a way as forever 
to devote the church to the Evangelical Lutheran doctrine, 
according to the foundation of the Apostles, and the teach- 
ings of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession.' " — Halle Nach- 
richten, pp. 864. and T182. 

"In the Constitution for the Philadelphia congregation 
(1762,) which became the model for many others, the first 
article required the minister to teach according to the Un- 
altered Augsburg Confession." — Halle Nachrichten, p. 762. 

About the close of the eighteenth century and the 
beginning of the nineteenth, the fathers who had immigra- 
ted to this country, and done the hard and difficult work of 
the pioneer, had passed from this realm to that beyond the 
skies, to enjoy their rest and their rewards. Their fidelity 
to the Confessions of the Church and her Scriptural services, 
their arduous, conscientious, energetic labors in establishing 
and building congregations, their faithful Gospel preaching 
and careful catechetical instruction, their zealous family 
devotion, and their pious walk and conduct, had passed, 
and well nigh escaped the memory of the survivors. 

Great political changes grew out of the results of the 
Revolutionary War. These, under the changed condition 
of things, together with other pernicious influences, which 



4 HISTORY OF THK EVANGEUCAI. 

found their way into this country, proved disparaging to 
the Church and her work, leaving Christianity in a very 
precarious state, vacillating to and fro, with very little defi- 
nite or fixed policy or principles. Under this new and 
unsettled condition of things, Liberty, Freedom, the all- 
absorbing element of that day, exaggerated and carried 
beyond its proper sphere or domain, resulted in ignoring 
almost every thing that was definite, fixed, or established. 
It seems, in fact, that there was scarcely any positive 
Christian faith really recognized, and that almost every 
trace of a true and living churchliness was obliterated. 

Pietism and Rationalism prevailed to an alarming ex- 
tent in Germany and other countries. The former, inaugu- 
rated by Spener, — a man of distinguished talents and rare 
learning, — for the purpose of reviving, in the Church, 
greater zeal for vital piety and practical Christianity, was 
afterwards carried beyond its contemplated object by Franke, 
a very zealous and able minister, and thus, amidst the 
agitation, it finally resulted in fanaticism, as well as in a 
perversion of many of the leading doctrines of the Church, 
and in ignoring, to a greater or less extent, her true Con- 
fessions. — Kurtz's Church History, pp. 19S, ipp, 240. 

The controversy between the Orthodox and the Pietists 
concentrated especially around the doctrines of Regenera- 
tion, of Justification, of Sanctification, of the Church, and 
of the Millennium. Page 242. Some of the ministers who 
immigrated to this country were of the Halle, Frankean, 
Pietistic school, and they came imbued with that spirit, to 
some extent, and infused it in some parts of the Church ; 
and, hence, it is, that we still see it occasionally cropping out, 
in certain sections, in its heterodox, fanatical elements. 

The latter, Rationalism, in the language of Kurtz's 
Church History 7 , p. 276, crept into the Protestant theology 
of the continent, especially of Germany. The extremes of 
Pietism, it appears, prepared the way for Rationalism, the 
other extreme. One extreme usually results in another, in 
the opposite direction. Fanaticism generally ends in skep- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 5 

ticism. This pernicious, disturbing element, Rationalism, 
also found its way to North America, and exerted a very 
baneful influence over the people in regard to the teachings 
of the Bible, as presented in the Confessions of the Church. 
The tendency was to yield or compromise nearly everything 
that was positive or definite, until, as Dr. Krauth said, in 
speaking of the condition of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, at the close of the eighteenth and the beginning 
of the nineteenth century, "We had a weak, indecisive 
pulpit, feeble catechisms, vague hymns, and constitutions 
which reduced the minister to the position of a hireling 
talker, and made Synods disorganizations for the purpose 
of preventing anything from being done." Unionism fol- 
lowed in the wake. 

On the 13th day of November, 1787, "The Corpus 
Evangelicum, or Unio Ecclesiastica," was organized in 
South Carolina, "composed of Lutheran and German Re- 
formed ministers, together with lay-deputies from the 
churches belonging to both denominations." — Bernheirn? s 
History, <5fc, p. 289. But this organization did not long 
continue, as must be the case with any union not based on 
agreement in doctrine and principles. Failure and trouble 
are written on the face of any such attempt. 

A few years after the death of Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, 
which took place October 7, 1787, the Ministerium of Penn- 
sylvania changed its confessional basis, to the disparage- 
ment of the Confessions. In a paper "on the Lutheran 
Church in America," Dr. Mann says: "While the consti- 
tution of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, prepared under 
Muhlenberg's auspices, is based upon the Confessions of 
the Lutheran Church, in that published a few years after 
his death, they are entirely ignored ;" and Lutheranism 
continued to degenerate more and more, till a reaction was 
brought about. 

In the year 18 17, a new hymn-book, called Gemein- 
schaftliche Gesangbuch, intended for the Lutheran and 
Reformed Churches, published by SchaefFer & Maund, of 



6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Baltimore, Md., was introduced, and after examination by 
all the Lutheran and Reformed Synods in the United States 
of America, at that time, its use in all the congregations 
was authorized. See ''Comprehensive Account of the Rise 
and Progress of the Blessed Reformation of the Christian 
Church. By Dr. Martin Luther."* Prepared by Rev. G. 
Shober, of the North Carolina Synod. Pp. 146, 147. 

In speaking of this new hymn-book, Rev. Shober 
says: "This meritorious undertaking paves the way to 
universal harmony, union, and love among our Lutheran 
and Reformed Churches, removing all the obstacles which 
hitherto prevented that happy effect, and establishes a uni- 
formity in that part of divine worship which cannot fail to 
be highly gratifying to all those who consider brotherly 
love an indispensable attribute of Christianity." 

No doubt, this insidious course produced, to a consid- 
erable extent, for the time being, the effect which the 
author of those lines so much desired, — for the songs and 
services used in worship exert great influence. But whilst 
it was doing this, it was aiding in engendering and culti- 
vating a spirit which, as the child of an unjustifiable com- 
promise of principles, ultimately resulted in ignoring some 
of the most vital and fundamental doctrines and elements 
of the Church, leaving her in that latitudinarian state of 
indifference and laxness in regard to almost every thing 
that was regarded as positive and definite, in which she 
appeared about the beginning of the nineteenth century, 
without helm or rudder, — a deplorable wreck, requiring 
years for its restoration. 

It may not be inadmissible to call attention here to the 
great religious revival which swept over the United States 
in 1800 and 1801, not that the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church gave it any special countenance at that time, — at a 



*If occasions for referring to the above work, in writing this 
history, present themselves, we shall indicate that work by the title, 
Luther, as ' ' Luther ' ' is the name which appears on the back of the 
book. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 7 

later period this delusive system or plan of operation was 
introduced in some portions of her territory, — but to show 
the unsettled, unehurchly state of religion, in general, in 
this country, at that time. 

In regard to it, Rev. Storch, of North Carolina, writes : 
"By the side of this pestilence (infidelity), there prevails 
now, for over a year, a something, I know not what to 
name it, and I should not like to say Fanaticism. Chris- 
tians of every denomination assemble themselves in the 
forest, numbering four, six and sometimes ten thousand 
persons ; they erect tents, sing, pray, and preach, day and 
night, for five, six, and eight days. I have been an eye- 
witness to scenes in such large assemblies, which I cannot 
explain. I beheld young and old, feeble and strong, white 
and black, in short, people of every age, position, and cir- 
cumstance, as though they were struck by lightning, 
speechless and motionless ; and, when they had somewhat 
recovered, they could be heard shrieking bitterly, and sup- 
plicating God for mercy and grace. 

"After they had thus spent three, and many even more, 
hours, they rose up, praised God, and commenced to pray 
in such a manner, as they never were wont to do, exhorting 
sinners to come to Jesus, &c. Many of those who were 
thus exercised, were ungodly persons before, and we can 
now discover a remarkable change in them. Even deists 
have been brought to confess Christ in this way. Thus 
this thing continues even to this hour. 

"Opinions are various in regard to it; many, even 
ministers, denominate it the work of the devil ; others again 
would explain it in a natural waj^, or in accordance with 
some physical law ; whilst others look upon it as the work 
of God." — Rev. Dr. Bernheim' s History of the Lutheran 
Church in the Caro/inas, pp. 351, 353. 

In the Minutes of a Conference, held in Rader's Church, 
Rockingham County, Virginia, in 1806, Rev. Paul Henkel 
says relative to this revival : 



8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

"Towards the close of the year 1801, there occurred a 
mighty waking up of religion among the English people in 
Guilford and Orange Counties, N. C, which caused our 
German people to understand the true worth of the Gospel. 
Both the pastors and their people were surprised ; for it 
appeared exceedingly strange to those who were well ac- 
quainted with the order of salvation, that true conversion 
should consist in such a way as declared by these people ; 
that true faith should originate In such sermons, as caused 
such corporeal convulsions, such representations of the 
devil, death, and hell ; the fearful and awful expressions of 
lightning, thunder, hail, fire, and brimstone against the 
sinner, deprived many of their senses, and prostrated them 
in fainting fits. 

' ' As the like proceedings were upheld and defended by 
so many English preachers, and as many had declared that 
by means of such workings they had received true and 
reliable witness of the pardon of their sins and of the new 
birth, many of us hesitated to contradict such proceedings, 
although they were thought to be so contrary to the doc- 
trines of the Gospel. Many passages of Scripture were 
pointed out as opposed to these outward manifestations ; 
but many good meaning persons defended them as Scriptu- 
ral, whereupon the important question arose among them : 
' Must we not also experience the same thing in order to be 
saved?' The people became anxious and concerned, were 
much affected and distressed, and pressed upon their pas- 
tors to decide this matter for them, who were unwilling to 
do this without due consideration and the fullest assurance. 

"The German ministers were at first divided in their 
opinions on this subject ; nevertheless, it drove them to 
more intimate communion with each other in their official 
acts, and they have thus the opportunity to investigate this 
matter more closely." 

This course of procedure, that is, this revival theory, 
also had a tendency to divert the mind from the regular 
Means of Grace as set forth in the Word of God, as well as 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 9 

from a reliance on the promises contained in Divine Reve- 
lation, to a dependence on the feelings or emotions, for 
salvation, thus disparaging, to a greater or less extent, the 
true doctrines of the Holy Scriptures, and leaving the 
Church in a state of distraction, in regard to some of the 
most vital features of sound Scriptural theology. 

In the year 1794, Robert Johnson Miller, — a licentiate 
of the Methodist Episcopal Conference, — was ordained, by 
Lutheran pastors, of Cabarrus and Rowan Counties, North 
Carolina, on petition from White Haven Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, really as a minister of the Protest- 
ant Episcopal Church in America, under obligations always 
to obey the Rules, Ordinances, and Customs of that Society 
of Christians ; as his ordination certificate will show, — on 
the opposite side of which the Lutheran ministers give their 
reasons for ordaining a man who was attached to the Epis- 
copal Church, as a minister of that denomination. — See 
BernheinC s History of the Lutheran Church in the Carolina s, 

PP- 338, 339- 

As such, he labored in connection with the Lutherans 
of North Carolina, and after the organization of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Synod in that State, in 1803, he continued 
to labor in that Synod till 182 1, when he severed that con- 
nection, and was ordained in Raleigh, N. C, to deacon's 
and priest's orders in the Episcopal ministry. In his former 
connection, even as an Episcopalian, he labored for a period 
of twenty-seven years. 

According to the Journal of the Episcopal North Caro- 
lina Convention of 18 18, it seems that previous to the year 
1 8 16, there was no Episcopal clergyman in that State, and 
but one congregation in which the worship of that church 
was performed. Hence it was, that the said Miller thought 
it his duty to form a temporary connection with the Lu- 
theran Church. He was a man of quite respectable attain- 
ments, energy, zeal, and perseverance, and did much 
missionary work among the Lutherans. But it is not 
unreasonable to conclude that such connection and policy 



IO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

had a tendency to looseness in doctrine and practice, as 
well as to unionism. 

In 182 1, a move was made to effect a fraternal union 
between the North Carolina Synod and the Protestant Epis- 
copal Convention of North Carolina. At the Episcopal 
Convention, held in Raleigh, April 28, 182 1, which Rev. 
Robert J. Miller attended with a view to connect himself 
fully with the Episcopal Church, "to which he really be- 
longed, having been ordained by Lutheran ministers of 
North Carolina, as an Episcopal minister, and was the pastor 
of an Episcopal congregation, White Haven Church, in 
Lincoln County," he proposed the establishment of such a 
union. His proposition was accepted, and received the 
proper action on the part of the Episcopal Convention, to 
consummate the contemplated union. At its meeting in 
Lau's Church, Guilford County, North Carolina, June 17, 
182 1, the Lutheran North Carolina Synod accepted the 
proposition, and the delegates of the Episcopal Convention 
being present, the union was completed. At the next Epis- 
copal Convention, held in Raleigh, April 18, 1822, the pro- 
ceedings were ratified. But it seems this union did not long 
continue. "For, after the year 1823, nothing more appears 
concerning the fraternal relations of these two bodies." — 
See Bernhehrt s History, &c, p. 4.57. 

In 18 10, Gottlieb Shober, a Moravian, was ordained by 
the Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, but it seems, that, 
in some wa}^, he also retained his connection with the Mo- 
ravians. He resided all his life in Salem, North Carolina, 
and labored in some Lutheran churches in its vicinity. — 
In regard to him, Bernheim's History, pp. 441, 442, says : 
"Rev. Shober was no Lutheran, he was a member of the 
Moravian Church, and never disconnected himself from com- 
munion with the same ; he lived and died as a member of 
that church. This information the writer received from his 
own daughter, the widow of Bishop Herrman. He merely 
served the Lutheran Church in the capacity of one of its 
ministers, being pastor of several neglected Lutheran con- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. II 

gregations in the vicinity of his place of residence." It is 
not unnatural to conclude, that such connection and labor 
would ultimately result, to some extent, in disintegration 
and disturbance. 

During the meeting of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod 
of North Carolina, in 1816, it was resolved that the Secre- 
tary, Rev. Shober, "compile all the rules adopted by this 
Synod, and publish them in the English language." In 
accordance with this resolution, the secretary prepared and 
laid before Synod in 18 17, a manuscript compilation en- 
titled : ' ' Comprehensive Account of the Rise and Progress 
of the blessed Reformation of the Christian Church, By Dr. 
Martin Luther, actually begun on the 31st day of October, 
A. D., 1517 ; interspersed with views of his character and 
doctrine, extracted from his books ; and how the Church, 
established by him, arrived and progressed in North Ameri- 
ca, — as also, the Constitution and Rules of that Church, in 
North Carolina and adjoining States, as existing in Octo- 
ber, 18 1 7." 

This work also contains a translation of twenty-two 
articles of the Augsburg Confession. The translation used, 
is, according to a statement made by Rev. Dr. Beale M. 
Schmucker, in a little work entitled, "English Translations 
of the Augsburg Confession," that of Dr. E. L. Hazelius, 
with all its omissions and notes. In the tenth article, the 
word true is omitted, and the article is accompanied with a 
foot-note, which perverts the true sense, and so modifies it, 
as to make it acceptable to the various denominations ; and 
so too, in regard to the eleventh article. Really, the trans- 
lation is very defective. 

According to the first article of the Constitution of the 
North Carolina Synod, as presented in that book, the first 
twenty-one articles of this translation of the Augsburg Con- 
fession, are made the point of union, and the ministers en- 
tering that Synod were pledged to the same. 

In that book, the Rules, made by that Synod in 18 17, 
for its government, appear. In the eleventh one of these 



12 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Rules, page 172, the New York Liturgy is designated as 
one of the Symbolical Books of the North Carolina Synod. 

Whilst that work, compiled by Rev. G. Shober, ap- 
proved by the North Carolina Synod, and familiarly called 
"Luther," conforms in some respects to sound Lutheran 
principles, its general tone and tenor are compromising and 
unionistic, with a tendency to latitudinarianism and loose- 
ness in doctrine, rather ignoring the true Confessions of the 
Church, and disparaging her distinctive features, with a 
view to effect a kind of general, fraternal union with the 
different denominations. This is evident from the following 
remarks which the author, Rev. Shober, makes in the con- 
clusion of his book, called Luther, page 210: 

"I have attentively examined the doctrine of the 
Episcopalian church, and read many excellent authors of 
the Presbyterians, know the Methodist doctrine from their 
book, 'Portraiture of Methodism,' and am acquainted with 
the Baptist doctrine so far as they admit and adore Jesus 
the Savior. 

"Among all those classes who worship Jesus as a God, 
I see nothing of importance to prevent a cordial union ; 
and how happy would it be if all the churches could unite, 
and send deputies to a general meeting of all denominations, 
and there sink down upon the rock Jesus, and, at the same 
time, leaving to each their peculiar mode and form ; this 
would influence all the Christians to love one another when 
and whersoever they meet, and they would commune 
together. ' ' 

Again, pages 211, 212, he says : 

' ' I think my sentiments and experiences are as ortho- 
dox and Calvinistical as need be, and yet I am a sort of 
speckled bird among my Calvinist brethren. I am a mighty 
good church man, but pass among such as a Dissenter in 
prunello. On the other hand, the Dissenters, many of them 
I mean, think me defective either in understanding or in 
conscience, for staying where I am. Well, there is a middle 
party, called Methodists, but neither do my dimensions 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 3 

exactly fit them ; I am somehow disqualified for claiming 
a full brotherhood with any party ; but there are a few 
among all parties who bear with me, and love me, and with 
this I must be content at present. ' ' 

It requires no great acuteness to see how such loose, 
unguarded sentiments vitiated and corrupted the Church, 
and how they soon afterwards began to crop out everywhere, 
and still come to the surface in some sections. 

Now, in view of all these vitiating, corrupting, and 
disintegrating influences which were brought to bear on 
the Church during that period, it takes no very great 
stretch of mind to see the indefinite, unsettled, lax, disin- 
tegrated, and dilapidated condition of the Church in regard 
to doctrine and practice at the time of the rupture in the 
North Carolina Synod, in the year 1820. Nor is it any 
wonder that, in view of such influences, such a state of 
disintegration and dilapidation should exist, and result in 
the trials and troubles which followed. For, at that time, 
according to all the facts in the case, there was not a" Synod 
in North America that unreservedly recognized and ac- 
knowledged the full, Unaltered Augsburg Confession, much 
less the other Symbolical Books. 

In view of such compromising, unionistic proclivities 
and unchurchly deviations and divergencies, differences in 
regard to doctrine and practice arose among some of the 
ministers of the North Carolina Synod, and they were more 
and more agitated. There were conflicts in the pulpit, in 
the congregation, and in the family. One of the leading 
ministers charged Rev. David Henkel with teaching doc- 
trines contrary to the position of the Church. To defend 
himself against such unfounded charges, the latter appealed 
to a Latin copy of the Book of Concord, which he had in 
possession. That gave him a decided advantage, in some 
respects, in the estimation of many of the people, who were 
not willing to acquiesce in the extreme, latitudinarian views 
inculcated by the former. To counteract this increasing 
advantage, that minister called into question the correctness 



14 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

of these translations from the Latin. This proved disparag- 
ing for a while, bnt soon afterwards Rev. David Henkel 
happened to come across a German copy of the Book of Con- 
cord, at the residence of a German in South Carolina, with 
whom he spent a night or two. After much persuasion, the 
German let him have the book. This he brought with him r 
rejoicing in his good fortune to get it, to North Carolina. — 
This he presented, to sustain the correctness of his transla- 
tions made from the Latin copy of his Book of Concord. 
For, this the people could read and understand for them- 
selves, and finding that his translations from the Latin 
copy referred to, were correct, man}' of the members of the 
Church took a decided stand in favor of him and his posi- 
tions, and faithfully defended him and his doctrines against 
the innovations and false charges of his opponents. 

The council of the congregation met, and after con- 
sidering the matter, one of the Elders, Capt. John Stire- 
walt, father of the late Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, presented the 
Book of Concord to the minister, sajdng, We want to know 
whether you intend to preach according to this book, in the 
future. The minister hesitated and evaded, but being 
pressed, he raised the book up and brought it down on the 
table, saying, From this day henceforth, I will not ; it is 
nothing but a controversial book. Mr. Stirewalt then raised 
the book up, and brought it down on the table, saying, 
From this day henceforth, you won't be our preacher. 

The differences in doctrine becoming more apparent, 
the controversies and conflicts assuming a wider range and 
more formidable aspects, effecting some of the more vital 
doctrines of the Church, and the authority of her Confes- 
sions being called into question, furnished occasion for 
rupture and schism, and gave rise to the chief causes or 
reasons which ultimately resulted in the organization of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ; and all that was 
wanting to bring about the final rupture was a suitable 
opportunity. The elements were at work, and the oppor- 
tunity for separation was not long delayed. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 5 

In 1818, no Synod was held, in consequence of the fact, 
that as the Synod, at its session in October, 18 17, had, ac- 
cording to its constitution, adopted at that term, changed 
the time for its annual meetings from October to Trinity 
Sunday in each year, it was deemed unnecessary to meet in 
18 18, so soon after the meeting in October, 18 17. 

Dr. Bernheim, in his History, p. 435, says: "This 
time of meeting was ' firmly fixed' (vest gesetzt)." Hence, 
on account of this change as to the time for the meeting of 
this Synod being firmly, unchangeably fixed, the Synod 
adjourned to meet on Trinity Sunday, 18 19. 

During the period of nineteen mpnths which intervened 
between the meeting in October, 18 17, and that appointed 
for Trinity Sunday, 18 19, there was no opportunity for any 
united, official efforts to calm the conflicting elements in 
regard to differences in doctrine ; and, hence, the breach 
grew wider and wider. 

But notwithstanding the Synod, in its constitution, 
adopted October, 18 17, had changed the time for its regu- 
lar annual meetings from October to Trinity Sunday in 
each year, and firmly fixed that as the time ; notwithstand- 
ing it had adjourned to meet on Trinity Sunday, 18 19 ; and 
notwithstanding the fact that on that day a considerable 
number of candidates for the ministry were, according to 
previous resolution of Synod, to be consecrated, the Synod 
was convened, without regard to the ordination of these 
candidates, five or six weeks sooner than the time designa- 
ted in the constitution for the meeting of the Synod, to 
which Synod had adjourned to meet. 

The reasons assigned for this unconstitutional change 
were, that a communication had been received by the Secre- 
tary of the North Carolina Synod from the Secretary of the 
Ministerium of Pennsylvania, to the effect that there was a 
general desire among its ministers to effect a more general 
union, and that as the next meeting of the Ministerium of 
Pennsylvania was to convene in Baltimore, Md., on Trinity 
Sunday, 18 19, — the same day on which the North Carolina 



1 6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Synod was to meet, — it was necessary, — if the North Caro- 
lina Synod desired to take part, through a delegate or 
delegates, in considering the propriety of such a move, — to 
convene the North Carolina Synod sooner than the consti- 
tutional time. 

Hence it was, that a portion of the ministers of the 
North Carolina Synod, who were in favor of, possibly, a 
more general union than the ministers of the Pennsylvania 
Synod contemplated, even of the different Protestant de- 
nominations, according to Rev. Shober's ideas which have 
been already stated, after some consultation, requested the 
"President, with the consent of two or three ordained 
ministers residing in the vicinity," to convene the Synod 
before the time fixed in the constitution. The interval 
between the time when the call was made and that of the 
meeting, was too short to enable ministers at a distance to 
reach the place of meeting.* At this meeting, Rev. Shober 
was elected as a delegate to represent the North Carolina 
Synod in the meeting which took place in Baltimore in 
1 8 19. This meeting of the North Carolina Synod was 
afterwards called the ' ' untimely ' ' or called meeting. 

When the time fixed in the constitution of the Synod 
for its regular meeting, to which the previous regular Synod 
had adjourned, namely, Trinity Sunday, 18 19, came, a 
minister of Tennessee and several of North Carolina, to- 
gether with a number of lay-delegates, met at the place 
appointed for the meeting of Synod, and not finding the 
President there, the minister from Tennessee sent one of his 
associates, accompanied by one of the elders of the congre- 
gation, to see the President, who was only several miles 
distant from the church, with a written request that he 
should come to the church, in order that everything might 
be arranged and done in a regular, orderly manner. The 



* In fact, some of the ministers knew nothing of this meeting, or 
"untimely" Synod, as it was afterwards called, until after it was all 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 7 

President replied that he was not very well, and if he were, 
he would not go, remarking that the Synod had been 
already held, and that there was no need for holding it 
over, or again. He also commanded his Elders not to open 
the church ; yet after the messengers reasoned with him 
awhile relative to the matter, he agreed that the church 
might be opened for preaching, but not for any synodical 
business. At the appointed time the church was opened, 
and the regular services were conducted and a sermon was 
preached, after which the Synod met under several shade 
trees near by, and there being three petitions in due form 
from Rev. David Henkel's congregations presented, earnest- 
ly requesting his ordination to the office of pastor, his lay- 
delegates demanding it in accordance with the resolution 
passed at the previous meeting of the Synod, in wmich it 
was resolved or ordered, that he and a number of other can- 
didates for the office of the ministry, who had sustained 
their examinations and were approved, should be ordained 
at the next meeting of Synod, on Trinity Sunday, 1819. 
He and another one of that number of candidates who was 
present, were ordained, in a regular, orderly manner, ac- 
cording to the custom of the Church and the resolution of 
the Synod. 

But afterwards, it seems, some of the ministers who 
were so strongly in favor of a general union among all 
Protestant denominations, began to call into question the 
validity of Rev. David Henkel's ordination, and to invali- 
date it, whilst they recognized that of the other candidate 
who was ordained with him at the same time and under the 
same circumstances. But the other party sustained the 
ordination of the said David Henkel, asserting that it had 
taken place strictly in accordance with the act or resolution 
of the previous regular Synod, which provided for its per- 
formance on "next Trinity," 18 19, and according to the 
regulations of the Church. The opposite party, however, 
contended that the word "Trinity" did not stand in con- 
nection with that action or resolution of Synod which 



1 8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

appears in the book called "Luther," by Rev. G. Shober, 
but that the time for ordination was left blank. An exami- 
nation of the book was demanded, and when it was opened 
at the place, the word Trinity did not appear at first. But 
some of those who vindicated the validity of the ordination 
in question having previously detected the fact that a little 
piece of blank paper had been pasted over the word Trinity, 
by some one whom they knew not, after the book was 
printed and before it was distributed or circulated, as they 
presumed, took a knife and removed the little paper, and 
the word Trinity appeared at the right place, in connection 
with the act or resolution of Synod. After this occurrence, 
it is stated, that very little more was said about the validity 
of that ordination. Some of these books are still in exist- 
ence, with the paper on the word Trinity. 

Whilst it is unpleasant to make these statements rela- 
tive to that ordination, and whilst there is no disposition to 
reflect on any one, fidelity to the facts demands it. 

The controversies in regard to doctrinal differences 
grew more intense, and assumed a wider range. Strong 
opposition to the move for the organization of a general 
union, including different Protestant denominations, which 
failed in the meeting in Baltimore, Md., on Trinity Sunday, 
1819, and resulted in the establishment of the Northern 
General Synod, at Hagerstown, Md., October 24, 1820, 
which also afterwards met with opposition on account of its 
failure to adopt a well defined Doctrinal or Confessional 
Basis, was worked up and prevailed to a considerable extent. 

The persons who became the leaders in these conflicts 
or differences in doctrine and policy, were Rev. Gottlieb 
Shober on the part of the unionists and Rev. David Henkel 
on that of the anti-unionists. The opportunity for the final 
rupture or separation was furnished during the meeting of 
the North Carolina Synod, which convened in Lincolnton, 
Lincoln County, North Carolina, May 28, 1820. 

Rev. Dr. Bernheim gives the following description of 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 9 

these men in his History of the Lutheran Church in the 
Carolinas, pp. 441, 442, 443: 

" Rev. Shober was a man of decided opinions, unyield- 
ing in everything which he considered right, as may be 
seen from a sketch of his life in the Evangelical Review, 
vol. viii., pp. 412-414 ; ' with a mind that knew no dissimu- 
lation, a lofty independence, an ardent temper, and a 
character decidedly affirmative, he frequently experienced 
difficulties and encountered points other than pleasant in 
his pilgrimage through life, and which a disposition more 
pliant could have averted.' 

" 'The lineaments of his countenance gave indications 
of a strong and active mind. ' ' He was one of the most 
active defenders of (the) General Synod, as he had also 
been prominent among its early founders.' But Rev. 
Shober was no Lutheran, he was a member of the Moravian 
Church, and never disconnected himself from communion 
with the same ; he lived and died as a member of that 
Church. This information the writer received from his own 
daughter, the widow of Bishop Herrman. He merely 
served the Lutheran Church in the capacity of one of its 
ministers, being the pastor of several neglected Lutheran 
congregations in the vicinity of his place of residence, 
Salem, N. C. It may be readily perceived that no compro- 
mise could be expected on his part in the difficulties which 
distracted the Lutheran Church at that time. 

1 ' Firm as was the Rev. G. Shober, he found his equal 
in that -respect in Rev. David Henkel, who, though a young 
man then, was equally as decided and unyielding in his 
opinions. He was a hard student and well educated, not 
only in the German and English languages, but also in 
Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Theology, all of which he had 
principally acquired by private study and close application. 
He was the best informed candidate for the ministry the 
North Carolina Synod had at that time, and wielded even 
then a considerable influence in the Church. It is not to 
be supposed that he would readily yield his opinions to 



20 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

others, or permit himself to be led about at the will of even 
those who were older than himself, when he believed his 
cause to be just. In him the Tennessee Synod had a cham- 
pion who could not be easily overcome. He had a mind 
that was clear, active, and penetrating ; he was quick in 
discerning an advantage, and not slow in making use of it. 
These characteristics are gathered principally from his own 
writings. ' ' 

When the North Carolina Synod met in regular con- 
vention, in Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina, 
May 28, 1820, well represented by ministers and lay-dele- 
gates, especially of that State, it seems, the occasion and 
causes for a rupture were fully matured, and the much 
lamented and deplored separation took place. 

The unionistic party, it appears, claiming that they 
had a majority, made no proposition to the other party, to 
investigate and adjust the difficulties and differences accord- 
ing to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures, in a friendly, 
Christian manner, but before they approached the other 
party who were at the church, they sent one of their minis- 
ters to one of the ministers of that party, with two questions. 
The first one was : "Will you withdraw from the Synod?" 
The second one was : ' ' Will you submit to the decision of 
the majority of the ministers and lay-delegates, relative to 
the controversies and differences?" To these questions no 
decisive reply was made. He then went to the friends of 
his opponent and asked the same questions, which they 
answered in writing, stating: "We will not withdraw from 
the Synod, nor will we be ruled by a majority, but are 
ready and willing to investigate and decide every thing 
according to the teachings of the Augsburg Confession and 
the Constitution of the Synod, but not otherwise?" 

After all his opponents had gathered together, he again 
approached them, and demanded an oral or verbal answer 
to the same questions. The questions were answered 
according to his request. To this answer, he replied with 
a defiant mien, in a domineering tone: "That is not the 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 21 

thing. I only ask, Will you, or will you not?" They 
replied, ' ' We will not. ' ' He then said : ' ' This is all I want 
to know," and quickly turned around, and briskly walked 
away. Then he and his friends came and presented the 
same questions, and received the same reply as that given 
before. Their leader then attempted to show, that the 
Synod was not bound to any fixed or definite regulation, 
according to which controversies or differences are to be 
decided, but that such things are to be decided only accord- 
ing to the majority of the votes of the ministers and lay- 
delegates, and claimed, that they had the majority, and 
that it is reasonable and just, that their opponents should 
be thus governed in these matters, but the other party con- 
tended, that the doctrines of the Augsburg Confession, 
w 7 hich they felt certain could be proved to be in accord with 
the teachings of the Bible, ought to be of greater considera- 
tion, than is the majority of the votes of persons, who are 
opposed to the doctrines and regulations of the Church. 

After a short interchange of words of a similar charac- 
ter, the unionistic party went into the church, and were 
followed by the other party. The President then delivered 
a long discourse in the German language, to show what he 
had heretofore sought to maintain. He was followed by 
the Secretary in a still longer one, in the English language, 
in which he endeavored to show, that the Synod was by no 
means bound, to act according to the Constitution or Reg- 
ulation of the Synod ; and, notwithstanding the fact, that 
he himself had compiled the work and had it printed, 
according to resolution and the approbation of the Synod, 
he still contended, that it was not the intention, that it 
should be a rule or standard, according to which the mem- 
bers of Synod should be governed in their transactions. 
He claimed, that it was only a kind of plan or form, which, 
in the course of time, if deemed necessary, in the future, 
might be formed or arranged into a rule of order, but for 
the present, no one needs any thing of the kind. 

But the other party showed from the Church Regula- 



2 2 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

tion itself, that it was accepted as such a work, having been 
first examined by a committee of ministers appointed by 
Synod, and favorably recommended, and afterwards ap- 
proved by Synod, and handed over for publication. 

In regard to this, he replied, that it was not so intended, 
and, that, for the want of time, he had written it hurriedly 
and inconsiderately, without previously investigating it 
properly ; hence, every thing must now be regulated and 
determined by the majority. 

The other party regarded that construction of the mat- 
ter as very singular and unsatisfactory, in view of the fact, 
that the work was published, on the order and approbation 
of the Synod, and that an amount of money sufficient to 
pay for printing and binding 1,500 copies of the work, at a 
cost of 75 cents per copy, was taken out of the Treasury. 

The controversy now turned more directly to differences 
in doctrine. Some of the unionistic party called into ques- 
tion, and even denied, some of the doctrines clearly taught 
in the Augsburg Confession ; while on the other hand, the 
other party defended the teachings of said Confession with 
zeal and earnestness. 

In the midst of the discussion of these subjects, so 
vitally important, one of the officers of the Synod, who was 
so enthusiastic in regard to his idea of a general union, 
exclaimed: " Whoever is a right Lutheran, let him follow 
us out to ^. H.'s hotel," — this was John Harry's hotel, — 
"there we will begin our Synod !" A' reply came from the 
other side: "Whoever is a real fanatic" (Sch warmer), "let 
him follow ; for you are no true Lutheran preachers ; you 
are fanatics, and to such you belong." They then left the 
church and went to the hotel, leaving the other party in 
the church, and there commenced their Synod.* 



*It is hardly just to conclude that all those who followed out were 
in full sympathy with this move and the doctrines of the leader, but 
were carried along rather by the force of circumstances and their 
situations. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 23 

Those who remained in the church, after some delib- 
eration and consultation, adjourned; and, on the 17th of 
July of the same year, they, with others, met again in 
Solomon's Church, Cove Creek, Green County, Tennessee, 
to organize a synod according to the teachings and doc- 
trines of the Church. 

These statements and historical facts are derived from 
the Minutes of the first meeting of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod, which were not printed till 182 1, and 
from intelligent men of irreproachable character and stand- 
ing, who were present and witnessed the whole procedure. 

The chief doctrines about which these conflicting par- 
ties differed were, first, in regard to Original Sin ; second, 
The Person and Nature of Christ ; third, Baptism ; fourth, 
The Lord's Supper ; and strange as it may seem, these very 
differences still occasionally crop out in some sections of 
the Church. So deeply was that Pietistical element infused, 
that it has required much time and patience, and still re- 
quires much vigilance, to keep it from coming to the surface 
too frequently. 

It is true, efforts have been made to make it appear that 
personal difficulties were among the first causes which gave 
rise to the rupture. The facts will not justify such a con- 
clusion. For these did not occur till after many of the 
conflicts in regard to differences in doctrine and practice 
had taken place and been agitated. The truth is, the per- 
sonal matters referred to by some were not between minis- 
ters, but between one minister and a member of the German 
Reformed Church. That idea seems rather to grow out of 
an after-thought, to palliate. 



24 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 



CHAPTER II. 

THE ORGANIZATION AND NAME OF. THE SYNOD. 

First Session. 

An open rupture having taken place, on account of dif- 
ferences in doctrine and practice, in the North Carolina 
Synod, at its meeting in Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North 
Carolina, May 28, 1820, and those who advocated and favor- 
ed the new-measure, unionistic policy, having withdrawn 
from the church, as indicated in the preceding chapter of 
this work, the others, who had determined to adhere closely 
to the doctrines and principles of the Church, as set forth in 
her Confessional Writings, after some consultation and de- 
liberation, adjourned, and with others, afterwards, met in 
Solomon's Church, Cove Creek, Green County, Tennessee, 
July 17, 1820, to organize a conference or synod, in accord- 
ance with the teachings, doctrines, and policy of the Word 
of God, as set forth in the Confessions of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church. This was a time for serious considera- 
tion, meditation, and prayer. 

/ The following ministers and lay-delegates were present, 
on that occasion : Revs. Jacob Zink, of Washington County, 
Virginia ; Paul Henkel, of New Market, Shenandoah Coun- 
ty, Virginia ; Adam Miller, of Sullivan County, Tennessee ; 
Philip Henkel, of Green County, Tennessee ; George Est- 
erly (Easterly), of Green County, Tennessee ; and David 
Henkel, of Lincoln County, North Carolina, who, although 
he could not be present in person, acquiesced in the object 
of the meeting, and was recognized as a member. The lay- 
delegates representing congregations were, from Emmanuel 
Church, Washington County, Tennessee, John Keicher and 
Conrad Keicher ; from Union Church in the same County 
and State, Michael Kapp ; from Jacob's Church, Green 
County, Tennessee, John Nehs (Neas), John Ottinger, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 25 

Philip Esterly, and John Renner ; from Sinking Spring 
Church, in the same County and State, John Bauer, Frederick 
Schaeffer, Peter Gabel, and Jacob Hermann ; from Solomon's 
Church, Cove Creek, same County and State, Frederick 
Gottschall, John Koch, Philip Ebert, and John Froschaur ; 
from three congregations in Sullivan County, Tennessee, 
Henry Herchelroth and Jacob Deck ; from Golden Spring 
Church, Green County, Tennessee, Nicholas Eley and 
George Boessinger. / 

The meeting was opened in a regular, churchly man- 
ner, with singing and praj^er. 

• After the adoption of the following basis and regula- 
tions, an organization was effected, under the name and 
title of the Evangelical German Lutheran Tennessee Con- 
ference or Synod : 

Basis and Regulations. 

1. It is deemed proper and useful, that all the business 
and work, which may come before this Conference or Synod, 
shall be transacted in the German language ; and all the 
written proceedings in regard to its transactions, which 
pertain to the general interest, shall be published in the 
German language.* 

2. All teachings relative to the faith, and all doctrines 
concerning Christian conduct, as well as all books publicly 
used in the Church in the service or worship of God, shall 
be arranged and kept, as nearly as it is possible to do, in 
accordance with the doctrines of the holy Scriptures and 



*The reason why we desire an entirely German Conference, is 
because we have learned from experience, that a conference, in which 
both languages, the German and the English, are used, the one or the 
other side will be dissatisfied. If the German is used, the English 
will understand little, and often nothing in regard to the matter ; and 
if the English is employed, many of the Germans will not understand 
more than the half of what is said, and hence know not how to act 
relative to the most weighty matters. Besides, at the present time, 
we find very few entirely English preachers who accept the doctrines 
of our Church, or desire to preach them. 



26 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the Augsburg Confession. And especially shall the young, 
and others who need it, be instructed in Luther's Small 
Catechism, according to the custom of our Church, hitherto. 
This said Catechism shall always be the chief catechism 
in our churches. But the Catechism styled the Christian 
Catechism, which was published in the German and En- 
glish languages, in New Market, Shenandoah County, 
Virginia, may also be used in connection, to explain Lu- 
ther's Catechism. 

3. No one can be a teacher or otherwise an officer in 
the Church, who has not been received into the congrega- 
tion, according to the order of the Church, and does not 
lead a Christian life. Whoever desires to be a teacher, 
shall also take a solemn obligation, that he will teach 
according to the Word of God and the Augsburg Confession 
and the doctrines of our Church. Nor can any teacher in 
our Conference be allowed to stand in connection with an}' 
organization in connection with the so-called Central or Gen- 
eral Synod, for reasons which shall hereafter be indicated. 

4. None shall be members of our churches, except such 
as have been baptized according^ to the command of Christ, 
and confirmed, by the imposition of hands, according to 
the order of the Christian Church, and participate in the 
celebration of the Holy Supper. * 

5. As to the ranks and grades in the office of teaching, 
or the ministry, we acknowledge not more than two as nec- 
essary for the preservation and perpetuation of the Church ; 
namely, Pastor and Deacon. Pastor is an evangelical 
teacher, who executes that office fully in all its parts, or 
performs all the ministerial acts. Such person must be or- 
dained with prayer and the imposition of hands, by one or 
more pastors, to such office. Besides, he must then also 



* If. however, any one, who has been baptized according to the 
command of Christ, and confirmed to some Christian Church, and can 
make this appear, desires to commune with us, or to be received into 
connection with our Church, he shall be permitted to do so, without 
being re-baptized or re-confirmed. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 27 

solemnly affirm, that he will faithfully, according to the 
Word of God and the doctrines of our Church, perform the 
duties of that office. 

6. A Deacon is also indeed a servant in the Word of 
God ; but he is not fully invested with the ministerial office 
like the Pastor is. But he is to give instructions in the 
catechism, read sermons, attend to funerals, admonish, and, 
if desired, in the absence of the Pastor, to baptize children. 
He must be an orderly member of the Church, and have 
the evidence of a Christian conduct. He must, at the de- 
sire of the church council, be examined as to his fitness 
for office by the Synod, and if he is found qualified, he must 
be consecrated and ordained to that office with prayer and 
the imposition of hands, by one or more pastors, either at 
Conference or in one of the congregations in which he 
labors. Besides, he shall also make a solemn affirmation, 
in the presence of the whole congregation, that he will 
faithfully serve in that office according to the instructions 
given him. But if such Deacon prove so industrious or 
assiduous in his office as to reach the required attainments 
and qualifications to bear the office of Pastor, and secures 
a regular call from one or more vacant congregations, he 
can be consecrated and ordained to the office of Pastor in 
the same manner as already indicated. 

In regard to the offices in the congregations, the}' shall 
be as they were heretofore customary in our Church : Elders, 
Deacons, &c. 

7. At each Conference, pastors shall be named or elect- 
ed who shall conduct the ordinations, and sign with their 
own hands all ordination certificates and affix their seals, 
and see that good order is maintained. They shall also 
sign all other proceedings of the Conference or Synod ; and 
if for any reason it is desired, all the other pastors and the 
lay-delegates may also sign them. The preachers and lay- 
delegates may find it good or useful to appoint or name one 
of the pastors as chairman, who shall read all that is neces- 
sary, make propositions, &c. In the same manner may 



28 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

one be appointed as secretary. But it is not to be under- 
stood that these must serve in these positions throughout 
all the sessions. Changes can be made, and others can 
serve, as circumstances require. 

8. It was resolved, that annually, on the third Sunday 
of the month, October, a meeting of Conference shall be 
held, in the State of Tennessee, or in the western part cf 
Virginia, at such place as the majority of the preachers and 
laj^-delegates indicate. But if it should be deemed neces- 
sary 4 that the said Conference should meet in an adjoining 
State, it may be held in such State. But the Conference 
or S}'nod shall always retain the name Tennessee Confer- 
ence or Synod ; although it may have ministers and lay- 
delegates also in other States. 

9. The Conference shall be composed of preachers and 
lay- delegates elected by their congregations, as has been the 
order heretofore, in similar cases ; but there shall not be 
more votes cast by the lay-delegates, than the number of 
preachers present is. The surplus delegates may be pres- 
ent, and consult and advise with the others. 

10. The necessity for each congregation to have a 
treasury for itself, in which to deposit all the money that 
each member or other person may freely give, will manifest 
itself to all. Such moneys shall be used to defray the cost 
of printing the minutes of the Conference, to aid traveling 
ministers, and for other purposes which will best enhance 
the interests of the churches or congregations. The way 
and manner, in which these treasuries are to be kept, and 
the disbursements, are to be made, are to be left to the good 
judgment of the church councils and the ministers acquies- 
cing. The moneys may be gathered at every meeting, each 
month, or every three months. At every meeting of Con- 
ference, the council of each church shall make a report of 
the amounts thus collected. A treasury for the Conference, 
is, at this time, deemed unnecessary. 

11. It will be found useful for every minister to keep a 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 29 

record of the number he baptizes, the number of confirma- 
tions, and of communicants and funerals, as well as of the 
German schools in his congregations, so that they may ap- 
pear in the proceedings of the Conference each year. 

12. We also deem it of the highest importance to use 
all possible diligence to make our children acquainted with 
all our doctrines in faith, in the German language ; so that 
we may the more easily give them instruction therein ; and 
so that the parents especially may be careful to teach their 
children in regard to these things. 

13. None of the teachers of our Conference can take a 
seat and vote in the present Synod of the State of North 
Carolina, because we cannot regard it as a true Lutheran 
Synod. 

14. The propriety of preserving and maintaining these 
principles and regulations of Conference, as here set forth, 
and of acting according to them, must be apparent to all. — 
But if, at any meeting in the future, anything may be nec- 
essary to be added, it may be done, by a majority of the 
votes, but in such a manner as not to come in conflict with 
the design and intention of the foregoing principles. 

The name Tennessee was not intended to indicate 
boundary, but to distinguish this Conference or Synod 
from other Synods already in existence ; as, the Pennsylva- 
nia Synod, the New York, the Maryland, the North Caro- 
lina, and the Ohio Synods, and especially the North 
Carolina Synod. This is evident from statements in its 
own proceedings, where it is said, " If it become necessary, 
this Conference or Synod may be held in adjoining States. 
Again, in the proceedings of its eighth session, in 1827, 
during which its basis was revised and improved, to make 
it more clear and simple, it is stated, "This body shall 
continue to bear the title Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod. But this title shall not be so construed as to give 
the members who reside in Tennessee any prerogatives or 
advantages over others ; for this body consists for the most 
part of members in other States ; but it shall bear this title 



30 HISTORY OF THK EVANGELICAL 

simply to distinguish it from the North Carolina Synod, 
which belongs to the General Synod." See Minutes of 
1827, page 22. 

At first the German language alone was used in the 
transactions of the Synod, in view of the fact that nearly all 
the ministers, as well as a large portion of the lay-members, 
at that time, used that language. At a later date the 
English language was introduced. 

Thus, after agreeing on a basis and regulations, the 
Conference proceeded to the transaction of such other busi- 
ness as was deemed necessary. 

It then set forth its reasons for organizing this Synod. 
These reasons are based chiefly on the differences in doc- 
trine, as already indicated in the first chapter of this work. 
Then follows a Dissertation on Holy Baptism, relative to 
the differences between the conflicting parties, in regard to 
that subject. 

In its proceedings, appears also the constitution or plan 
of the General Synod, accompanied with objections to, and 
criticisms on, every article. Then follows a paper, signed 
by several Evangelical Lutheran ministers, of the State of 
Ohio, and others, showing why they cannot endorse or 
adopt the plan or constitution of the General Synod. And 
finally, appears the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, in its 
twenty-eight articles, in the German, — perhaps, among the 
first editions, if not the first edition, ever printed in the 
United States, in the German language, in its twenty-eight 
articles. 

Among the proceedings of this meeting, we note the 
following : 

1. A resolution, making it the duty of one of the older 
ministers of that body, annually to visit all the congrega- 
tions in its connection, in order to look into their condition, 
and to give wholesome instructions to the younger teachers 
or ministers, and their congregations, as well as cordial ad- 
monitions, and to report the result of his visits to the next 
meeting of Synod. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 3 1 

2. In regard to a petition from a number of persons 
residing in Cape Cheredo, Missouri, asking a visit on the 
part of one of the ministers, it was resolved, that Rev. Jacob 
Zink visit that section as soon as possible and administer 
to their spiritual wants. 

3. That the next meeting of this Conference be held 
in one of Rev. Adam Miller's congregations, in Sullivan 
County, Tennessee, beginning on the third Sunday of Oc- 
tober, 182 1. 

4. Jacob Zink and Adam Miller were ordained by the 
imposition of hands and with prayer. 

After regular services and preaching, the Conference 
adjourned to meet at the time and place indicated. 

Thus, among great trials, difficulties, and anxieties, 
this Synod was organized, and took its position in the 
Church, depending on its great Head, to guide it in its efforts 
to maintain, promulgate, and perpetuate the Scriptural, 
churchly principles and doctrines it so earnestly loved, and 
to enable it to fill its mission with honor and abiding 
success. 



32 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 



CHAPTER III. 

ITS POSITION AND CONFESSIONAL BASIS. 

Notwithstanding the fact that at the time this Synod 
was organized, there was probably not a Synod in the 
United States of America that unreservedly received and 
acknowledged the Unaltered Augsburg Confession as its 
confessional basis, nevertheless this Synod laid down the 
following basis, requiring its ministers or officials in the 
Church, to make a sacred affirmation, to teach. in accord- 
ance with it : 

i. All doctrines of faith and teachings in regard to 
Christian conduct, as well as all books used in the public 
services of the Church, shall be so formulated and arranged 
as to conform, as nearly as possible, to the teachings of the 
Holy Scriptures and the Augsburg Confession of Faith. 

2. The young and others who need instruction, shall 
be taught from Luther's Small Catechism, according to the 
custom of our Church. And this Catechism shall always 
be the chief catechism in our Church. The Christian 
Catechism, printed at New Market, Shenandoah County, 
Virginia, may, however, be used for the purpose of explain- 
ing Luther's Catechism. 

3. No one shall be a teacher or an officer in the Church 
who has not been received into the congregation according 
to the order of the Church, and does not bear a Christian 
character. 

4. Whoever desires to be a teacher, shall make a sacred 
affirmation or promise that he will teach according to the 
Word of God, the Augsburg Confession, and the doctrines 
of our Church. 

5. No one who has not been baptized according to the 
command of Christ, and confirmed by the imposition of 
hands, according to the order of the Christian Church, and 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 33 

partaken of the Lord's Supper, shall be a full member of 
our Church. 

This Synod recognized, in its constitution, two grades 
in the ministry, —Pastor and Deacon. The pastor is author- 
ized to perform every ministerial act ; whilst the deacon is 
allowed only to catechise, preach, and baptize. 

In 1827, its constitution was revised, but there were no 
material changes made in regard to its confessional basis, or 
in any other respect, except as to arrangement. 

In 1828, the constitution appears, in the proceedings, 
with explanatory remarks, by Rev. David Henkel, but with- 
out material changes. 

In its revised constitution of 1866, the confessional basis 
is more fully presented, so as to express more clearly its 
doctrinal position, as follows : 

1. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings of the 
Old and New Testaments, shall be the only rule and stand- 
ard of doctrine and church discipline. 

2. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 
the Holy Scriptures in regard to matters of faith and prac- 
tice, this Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols : the 
Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds, and the Unal- 
tered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also the 
other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
viz. : The Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Smaller and 
Larger Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula of Concord, 
as true Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught in 
the Augsburg Confession. — Minutes of 1866 , p. 19. 

Constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. 

(As Revised in 1866.) 

Article I. The name of this Synod shall be The 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. 

Article II. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings 
of the Old and New Testaments, shall be the only rule and 
standard of doctrine and church discipline. 

As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 



34 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the Holy Scriptures, in regard to matters of faith and prac- 
tice, this Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols : the 
Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian creeds ; and the Unal- 
tered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also the 
other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
viz. : The Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Smaller and 
Larger Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula* of Concord — 
as true Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught in 
the Augsburg Confession. 

Article III. This Synod shall be composed of regu- 
larly ordained ministers of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
and lay-delegates. The la3 T -delegates shall be appointed 
by the congregations in connection with this Synod to 
represent them in the Synodical Meetings. 

Each one of these congregations shall have the right 
to appoint one such delegate who shall have equal rights 
and privileges with the ministers in transacting the business 
of Synod. 

Every minister desiring to be received into connection 
with this Synod, shall, on his reception, be required to sub- 
scribe this Constitution. 

Xo minister in connection with this Synod, shall be 
allowed to teach any thing, nor shall Synod transact any 
business contrary to the confessional basis as set forth in 
Article II. 

No business shall be transacted secretly or under closed 
doors, unless an unhappy period should arrive, in which 
the Church would be liable to persecution, except such as 
relates to the moral character of a minister, and to the ex- 
amination of candidates for the ministerial office. Cases of 
this kind, if deemed necessary and expedient, may be 
attended to in a private session of Synod. 

Article IV. The business of this Synod shall be to 
employ the proper means for the promulgation of the Gospel 
of Jesus Christ, to impart its advice in matters of Christian 
faith and life, to detect and expose erroneous doctrines and 
false teachers, and to investigate charges of false doctrines, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 35 

wrong practice, and immoralities of life, preferred against 
any of its ministers, and finding them guilty, to expel and 
depose from the Synod and holy office of the ministry, such 
as refuse after due admonition to repent of their wrong. 

It shall be the duty of Synod, as soon as the wants of 
the church shall demand, and its resources will justify, to 
engage in the work of Missions, both domestic and foreign ; 
and also in the work of Beneficiary Education, for the pur- 
pose of preparing indigent young men of talents and piety 
for the work of the ministry in connection with the Luther- 
an Church, according to such regulations as it may adopt, 
and consider best calculated to promote these great objects. 

Upon application to examine candidates for the minis- 
try, this Synod shall make the necessary provisions to attend 
to such application, and after due approval by a majority 
of two- thirds of the members voting, appointing one or more 
Pastors to consecrate such candidate to the office of the 
ministry at some suitable time and place by the laying on 
of hands and -prayer. 

Synod shall require a probationary period of not less 
than one 3^ear, during which time all candidates for the 
ministerial office shall be taken on trial. 

Upon application, this Synod may receive congrega- 
tions who may desire to be connected with it, provided they 
subscribe this Constitution. 

Article V. The officers of this Synod shall be a Presi- 
dent, Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, and Treasurer. 
A majority of all votes cast will be required to constitute 
an election to any office. The duties of these officers shall 
be such as usually devolves upon the same in other public 
bodies, or as may be made obligatory upon them from time 
to time, by Synod. They shall be elected by ballot, at the 
regular session, annually, and hold their offices until their 
successors are elected. 

Article VI. Synod shall meet from time to time upon 
its own adjournments. Extra sessions may be called by 
the President, when requested for good and sufficient rea- 



36 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

sons, to do so, by two ministers and two laymen in its 
connection. 

Article VII. Synod may at any regular meeting, by 
a concurrence of two- thirds of all the members present, 
make such regulations and by-laws as may be deemed nec- 
essary, not inconsistent with this Constitution. 

Article VIII. If anything contained in these articles 
should hereafter be deemed contrary to the Confessional 
Basis of this Synod, oppressive, or inexpedient, it may be 
altered or amended. But nothing contained in this Consti- 
tution shall be altered or amended unless a proposition for 
alteration or amendment shall have been laid before one of 
the sessions of Synod, in writing, and agreed to by two- 
thirds of all the members voting. The proposition thus 
agreed to, shall then be laid, in due form, by the Synod in 
its Minutes before the congregations in its connection, for 
ratification or rejection by them ; and the ministers or ves- 
tries of these congregations shall, at some suitable time, 
before the next succeeding session of Synod, take the vote 
of these congregations, on the Constitution as amended, 
allowing the members to vote for its ratification or rejection 
and send a statement of the vote to that session of Synod. 
If, then, it shall be ascertained by Synod that a majority of 
these congregations have voted in favor of ratification, the 
amendment shall become and be declared by Synod on the 
face of its Minutes a valid part of said Constitution, and 
the parts thereof repugnant to such alteration, void. 

Thus, it seems, this Synod, after accepting and adopt- 
ing the true Scriptural basis, as set forth in the Confessions 
and authorized writings of the Church, adhered to it, and 
maintained it, in all its transactions and operations ; whilst 
a large number of those who bore the Lutheran name, as- 
sumed rather a loose, vacillating, indefinite, compromising 
policy, ignoring, to a greater or less degree, some of the 
more important doctrines and teachings of the Church, and 
rather conniving at the loose, unsettled, unionistic senti- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 37 

merits, which prevailed to such an alarming extent, at that 
time. 

This sound, Scriptural position gave this Synod decided 
advantages, having something fixed and positive, on which 
to build, and on which the mind could rely with certainty. 
The mind really requires something fixed, definite, and 
positive, on which it may rely and build up. No institu- 
tion or society can be successfully built up, and long main- 
tained, and perpetuated, on mere negatives and indefinite, 
unsettled principles. Even, in the structure of a material 
edifice, a good, solid, settled foundation is required, if the 
building is to stand properly, and be perpetuated. It was 
positiveness and definiteness, that gave Luther so much 
force and success in the days of the Reformation of the six- 
teenth century. One of the greatest evils of the present 
age, in regard to the Church, the Family, and the State, is 
the ignoring of the grand, fundamental principles, on which 
these divine institutions are really founded and constructed, 
and the loose, latitudinarian sentiments which now prevail, 
regardless of fixed, definite principles which underlie our 
ecclesiastic, civil, and social institutions. 

The more this Synod was assailed, abused, and perse- 
cuted on account of its doctrinal position, to which it so 
closely adhered, and which it so fearlessly maintained, the 
closer it was driven to it, and the more necessary it became 
for it to investigate, promulgate, proclaim, maintain, and 
perpetuate the sound, Scriptural doctrines of the Church, 
from the pulpit, in the family, and through the printing 
press, assured, that, if these fundamental, Scriptural princi- 
ples had power and vitality enough in them, to effect the 
grand and glorious Reformation in the Church, in the be- 
ginning of the sixteenth century, they might have a similar 
effect in the Church in this century. 

The printing establishment, founded in 1806, at New 
Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, — the fourth, if not 
the third, one established in that State, was brought into 
requisition. In speaking of this establishment, Rev. G. D. 



38 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Bernheim, D. D., says, in his History of the German Set- 
tlements and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas : ' ' The 
Lutheran Church in America has had its publication boards 
and societies in abundance, which have doubtless accom- 
plished a good work ; but the oldest establishment of the 
kind is the one in New Market, Virginia, which dates its 
existence as far back, at least, as 1810; for the minutes of 
the North Carolina Synod were printed there, at that time. 
It was established by the Henkel family, and has continued 
under their management to this day ; at the time of the 
division in the Lutheran Church in North Carolina, it came 
at once into the service of the Tennessee Synod, and has 
issued more truly Lutheran theological works in an English 
dress than any similar institution in the world. ' We may 
well say, What hath God wrought? How imperceptible 
have been his purposes ! How brightly they shine forth 
now.'" Pages 445, 446. In regard to this same matter 
the Herold und Zeitschrift, of January, i888 r a German Lu- 
theran paper, published in Allen town, Pa., says, relative 
to this family, "For sixty or seventy years, it has done 
more than any other to arouse its brethren in the faith, in 
America, to a Lutheran consciousness." 

Numerous publications of a doctrinal, devotional, and 
admonitory character began to issue from that printing 
establishment, among which were the Unaltered Augsburg 
Confession, both in a German and in an English dress. 
At a later date, the Christian Book of Concord, or Symbol- 
ical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, first edition 
in 1851, second, revised edition in 1854; Luther's Small 
and Large Catechisms, together with an Historical Intro- 
duction, to which are added Hymns and Prayers, adapted 
to Catechetical Instruction and to Family Devotion, trans- 
lated from the German, in 1852 ; Luther on the Sacraments, 
or the Distinctive Doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, respecting Baptism and the Lord's Supper, &c, 
in 1853; and Luther's Church-Postil, Sermons on the Epis- 
tles for the Different Sundays and Festivals in the Year, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 39 

translated from the German, in 1869, made their appear- 
ance in the English. Thus, this little, determined, positive 
move, though puny and insignificant in the eyes of men, 
called more and more attention to the importance of restor- 
ing the Church to her normal condition in doctrine, prac- 
tice, and churchliness. Men, learned, and honest in their 
relations to the Church, and having her true interest at 
heart, began to take position in the right direction, and 
other good, solid, churchly works were issued from other 
presses, in other sections. The result is before us. It is 
not extravagant, to say, that three-fourths of those, bearing 
the name Lutheran, now recognize and accept the Confes- 
sional Basis of the Church. 

The great Head of the Church often brings into use 
or action, weak and simple means or instrumentalities, to 
accomplish great and important results, so that the world 
may see, that the moving power is from God, and not of 
man. 

The Gospel "is the power of God unto salvation," 
Rom. 1, 16. "Not many wise men after the flesh, not many 
mighty, not many noble, are called : But God hath chosen 
the foolish things of the world to confound the wise ; and 
God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound 
the things which are mighty." — 1 Cor. 1, 26, 27. 



40 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE OBJECT OF ITS ORGANIZATION. 

The chief object of the organization of this Synod, was 
the restoration of the Church to its normal condition, in re- 
gard to doctrine, practice, and churchliness. This is evi- 
dent from the position it took, the basis it adopted, and the 
course it pursued in promulgating, circulating, and main- 
taining the pure, Scriptural doctrines of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church, according to her Confessional Writings, 
in the family, in the catechetical class, from the pulpit, 
and through the printing press, from the time of its organi- 
zation to the present period. 

There was need for such a movement. This appears 
from the condition of the Church at that time, in respect to 
doctrine and practice,. In the language of Rev. G. D. 
Bernheim, D. D., in his History of the German Settlements 
and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas, so gradual and 
yet so sure were the departures from the confessed faith of 
the Church, as well as the assimilation to the teachings 
and practices of the various denominations, that for a long 
time it awakened no alarm, and but a learned few had any 
idea of what the faith of the Lutheran Church was ; ad- 
mirers of Luther there were in abundance, even among the 
different denominations, but very few knew anything of the 
secret which made Luther the conscientious, fearless, and 
zealous man that he was. Multitudes admired Luther's 
energy and labors, but they knew little of the faith which 
actuated his efforts, and of the doctrines upon which that 
faith was based. Had they known it, and experienced it 
themselves, more would have been accomplished at that 
time in the Lutheran Church in America, and divisions 
would not have occurred; then, also, there would have 
been less manifest desire to unite all denominations into 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 4 1 

one Church, but a stronger desire to advance the interests 
of that Church, to which God has given a peculiar field of 
labor. Pp. 444, 445. 

God made use of this division in the Church, in ac- 
complishing a special purpose for the welfare of the Luther- 
an Church in America. P. 444. 

By means of this division the Symbols of the Lutheran 
Church were translated into the English language. This 
was a want that had long been felt, but before that time no 
one possessed the patience and energy to apply himself to 
the task. There was an abundance of anxious desire mani- 
fested by some to make the Lutheran Church in America 
an English as well as a German Church, but no anxiety 
manifested itself to anglicize the faith of the Lutheran 
Church ; that is, to translate its Confessions and theology 
into the English language. All honor then to the Tennes- 
see Synod for undertaking this work, which has accom- 
plished more in- preserving the faith of our fathers in this 
country than any similar undertaking in the English 
language. Page 445. But as the sad and deplorable 
condition of the Church at that time, in these respects, has 
been already fully presented in the first chapter of this 
work, there is no necessity for a fuller description of it in 
this connection. 

With a view to the accomplishment of this desirable 
and much needed object, every minister and teacher was 
required to take an obligation not to teach anything that 
is in conflict with the confessed doctrines and practices of 
the Church, and all the books used in the Church were 
required to conform to these doctrines and practices. And, 
for its further promotion, quite a number of pamphlets and 
books, as well as articles in connection with the Minutes of 
the proceedings of the Synod, of a doctrinal, admonitory, 
and devotional character, were printed and circulated. 

This firm, positive course attracted attention, revived 
investigation, and thus exerted a healthful, effective influ- 



42 HISTORY OP THE EVANGELICAL 

ence in the accomplishment of this much needed and im- 
portant end. 

Notwithstanding the conflicts it had to encounter, the 
obstacles it had to surmount, the taunts it had to hear, and 
the abuse and persecution it had to endure, on account of 
its position in regard to doctrine and practice, it still perse- 
vered and went forward with a zeal, an earnestness, energy, 
and fidelity worthy of the cause it had espoused. The 
leaven had been infused, and the true Lutheran spirit re- 
vived. Its work soon prospered, and extended into North 
Carolina, then to Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Missouri, 
and afterwards to South Carolina, thence to Alabama, &c. . 
Dormant energies were aroused, the number of ministers 
was increased, provision was made to supply the wants of 
many long-neglected congregations, ministers and laymen 
became more zealous, energetic, and faithful in the dis- 
charge of their respective duties, and the Church was thus 
increased, strengthened, and edified. The evils and dis- 
asters which were predicted and deplored by many who 
preferred to connive at deviations from the pure doctrines 
and usages, rather than contend for the faith once delivered 
to the saints, were over-ruled by the great Head of the 
Church for good, in the promotion of His Kingdom. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 43 



CHAPTER V. 

ITS WORK AND DEVELOPMENT. 
FIRST DECADE. 

The most natural, easy, and simple way to present the 
work and development of this Synod, is, perhaps, to bring 
into requisition the proceedings as they appear in its Min- 
utes from its organization down to the present period. 

Second Session. 

Having already stated the more important work of its 
first meeting, we proceed to call attention to its second con- 
vention which took place in Zion's Church, Sullivan County, 
Tennessee, October 22, 182 1, Rev. Adam Miller, pastor. 

On Saturday previous, October 20, services, preparatory 
to the celebration of the Lord's Supper, were held, Rev. 
David Henkel preaching in the German language from 
Mark 16, 15, 16. 

On Sunday, October 21, a large audience having as- 
sembled, Rev. Adam Miller delivered a short sermon in the 
German language, from Matt. 22, 14. He was followed by 
Rev. David Henkel, in the English language, on Col. 2,14. 
Rev. Philip Henkel then preached in the German, on I^uke 
22, 15-20. The lord's Supper was then administered to 
more than one hundred communicants. Deep solemnity 
pervaded the whole congregation. 

The following are the names of the members who con- 
stituted this meeting of Synod : Revs. Paul Henkel, of 
Shenandoah County, Virginia, Adam Miller, of Sullivan 
County, Philip Henkel, of Green County, Tennessee, and 
David Henkel, of Lincoln County, North Carolina. Rev. 
Jacob Zink was absent. Deacon George Easterly, of Green 
County, Tennessee, and Mr. Joseph Harr, of Sullivan Coun- 
ty, Tennessee, were present; the latter as an applicant for 
the ministry. 



44 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

The lay-delegates were Mr. John Smith and Daniel 
Lutz, Esq., of Lincoln County, and Mr. Peter Boger, of 
Cabarrus County, North Carolina ; Messrs. Nicholas Uely, 
Martin Lintz, Jacob Leinbach, Frederick Schaeffer, Jacob 
Heyl (Hoyle), Philip Easterly, of Green County, Michael 
Brenner, of Sevier County, John Santer, Jacob Deck, H. 
Herchelroth, of Sullivan County, and Conrad Keicher, of 
Washington County, Tennessee ; and Ambrose Henkel, of 
Shenandoah County, Virginia. 

In the Minutes of this meeting, the following described 
letters and petitions appear : 

i. A letter from Rev. Jacob Larros, of Ohio, in which 
he vindicates the doctrine of Holy Baptism, according to the 
Augsburg Confession of Faith, supported by passages from 
the Holy Scriptures. In it he also speaks of the Kingdom 
of Antichrist, and presents his objections to the plan or 
position of the General Synod. 

2. A letter from Rev. Antonius Weyer, a member of 
the Lutheran Synod of Ohio and adjacent States, in which 
he freely presents his views in regard to the General Synod's 
system, and the general union of all sects and parties. 

3. A letter from Rev. Jacob Grieson, of Guilford 
County, North Carolina, in which he manifests his regret, 
that he voted in favor of the General Synod, indicating, 
that he did not properly understand the matter ; and that 
the result is not what he expected it would be. 

4. Is a letter from Rev. Henry A. Kurtz, of Kentucky, 
in which he states that he had been a member of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania, but had tendered 
his resignation, and asks for assistance to aid him in the 
formation of a synod, on the plan of the Tennessee Synod, 
deploring the innovations which prevail in some synods. 

5. A letter from Messrs. John Beck, Charles Greim, 
Henry Conrad, George Greim, Daniel Conrad, Philip Hed- 
rich, and Jacob Conrad, elders and members of several 
Lutheran congregations in Rowan County, North Carolina, 
in which they manifest their steadfastness in our Evangel- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 45 

ical doctrines, and petition for a minister to serve them, as 
they are not satisfied with the one they had. In regard to 
this, it was resolved that Rev. David Henkel visit them. 

6. A letter from Rev. Daniel Moser, of Lincoln County, 
North Carolina, in which he expresses his regret that he 
cannot attend this meeting of Synod, but hopes to be able 
to be present at some other time, indicating that he cannot 
continue in connection with the North Carolina Synod 
unless it take a better position. 

Then follow petitions from seven congregations in 
North Carolina and Tennessee, asking for ministerial serv- 
ices, advice, &c. The petitions were answered as far as it 
was possible to do at that time. One of these congrega- 
tions, Philadelphia, Lincoln County, North Carolina, peti- 
tioned for the examination and ordination of Mr. Jacob 
Cassner (Costner,) to the office of Deacon, but as Mr. Cassner 
was not present, the matter was deferred till the next meet- 
ing of Synod. 

Rev. Adam Miller was then appointed to visit, during 
the synodical year, the different petitioners and congrega- 
tions in North Carolina and Virginia, and all other congre- 
gations belonging to the Synod, and report to the next 
meeting. 

Under the head, ' ' General Transactions of the Synod, ' ' 
appear resolutions, the substance of which we present here : 

1. That the objections to the General Synod be com- 
piled and printed. The committee, appointed to attend to 
this matter, consisted of Adam Miller, David Henkel, Con- 
rad Keicher, Ambrose Henkel, Daniel Lutz, John Smith, 
and Peter Boger. 

2. That a circular letter be addressed to the brethren, 
of Ohio, to inform them of the intentions of Synod. 

3. On motion of Rev. Adam Miller, it was resolved, 
that a Liturgy be arranged according to the Scriptures and 
the Augsburg Confession, that Rev. Paul Henkel be ap- 
pointed to attend to this matter, for the use of Synod, as 
soon as practicable, that between two and. three hundred 



46 HISTORY OF THE EVANGKUCAI, 

copies be printed, and that the expenses be defrayed by the 
several treasuries. 

4. On the request of some of the brethren in North 
Carolina, it was resolved, that an English session be an- 
nually held in North Carolina or an adjacent State, 

5. On motion of Rev. Philip Henkel, it was resolved, 
that it shall be the duty of every pastor and deacon, to reg- 
ister the names of all the baptized in his charge, and to 
admonish them to continue faithful in their baptismal cove- 
nant, and to urge them to attend the catechetical instructions. 

6. On motion of Peter Boger, it was resolved, that a 
copy of the Augsburg Confession, as well as of the Minutes 
of Synod, be deposited in every church. 

7. On motion of Rev. David Henkel, a suggestion was 
made, that every person applying for ordination to the office 
of Pastor, shall be required to understand the Greek lan- 
guage well enough to be able to translate the Greek New 
Testament into the English. This suggestion was deferred 
till next meeting of Synod. 

8. A petition from St. Paul's School at St. James' Church, 
Green County, Tennessee, was presented, asking Synod to 
make regulations for its conduct and government. Conrad 
Keicher, Paul Henkel, and Philip Easterly, were appointed 
a committee to give that matter attention, and report to the 
next meeting of Synod. 

9. It was resolved, that the next meeting of Synod 
shall be held fourteen miles south of Green Courthouse, 
Tennessee, commencing on the third Sunday of October, 1822. 

10. On petition of fifteen members of St. James' Church, 
it was resolved, that next Maundy-Thursday be set apart 
as a day of prayer and humiliation, to implore Almighty 
God, to have mercy upon his Church, in these perilous 
times. 

n. Revs. Paul Henkel and Adam Miller were appointed 
to examine Mr. Joseph Harr. Having sustained the exami- 
nation, he was ordained to the office of Deacon, by the 
imposition of hands and with prayer. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD, 47 

The Synod was then dismissed with singing and prayer. 

The following is the Parochial Report : 

Since 1819, Rev. Adam Miller baptized 188 infants and 
24 adults, and confirmed 32 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, since 
January, 1821, 119 infants and 10 adults, and confirmed 27; 
Rev. David Henkel, since July, 18 19, 444 infants and 56 
adults, and confirmed 69 slaves and 156 white persons; 
Rev. Paul Henkel, since 1820, 50 infants and 2 adults, and 
confirmed 20. Revs. George Easterly and Jacob Zink made 
no reports. 

In conclusion follows a long report of the committee 
appointed to compile the objections against the General 
Synod, covering 23 pages. It is able, plain, and critical. 

Third Session, 

This Synod met, in its third session, in St. James' 
Church, Green County, Tennessee, October 21, 1822. 

On Saturday previous, the congregation having assem- 
bled, Rev. Paul Henkel preached the preparatory sermon. 
He was followed by Rev. David Henkel, on Gal. 3, 15-24. 

On Sunday, Rev. Adam Miller preached on the Gospel 
for that day. He was followed by Rev. Paul Henkel, on 
Matt. 6, 33. The Lord's Supper was then administered to 
about 140 communicants. After a short recess, Rev. David 
Henkel preached an English sermon from Titus 3, 4-7. 
During these services the house was filled to overflowing 
with attentive hearers. ■ 

Monday, the 21st, the Synod was opened with singing 
and prayer. The following members were present : 

Pastors — Revs. Paul Henkel, New Market, Shenandoah 
County, Virginia, Adam Miller, Sullivan County, Tennessee, 
Philip Henkel, pastor loci, David Henkel, Lincoln County, 
North Carolina. Jacob Zink was absent. 

Deacons — George Easterly, Green County, Tennessee, 
and Joseph Harr, Sullivan County, Tennessee, were absent, 
on account of indisposition. 



4-S HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Applicants — Christian Moretz, Cape Girardeau County, 
Missouri, Richard Blalock, Burke County, and Jacob Cassner 
(Costner), Lincoln County, North Carolina. 

Lay-delegates — Michael Brenner, St. Jacob's Church, 
Sevier County, Jacob Hatzepiller, Union Church, Washing- 
ton County, Conrad Keicher, Emmanuel Church, same 
County, John Froschauer, Solomon's Church, Green County, 
Abraham Bock, St. Paul's, Monroe County, George Nehs, 
from the same County, Henry Herchelroth, Bueler's Church, 
Sullivan County, John Santer and Jacob Deck, Zion's 
Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee; Ambrose Henkel, 
from three congregations in Virginia ; Peter C. Boger, 
Rocky River Church, Cabarrus County, Jacob Best, Phila- 
delphia Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina; Joseph 
Hauf, Golden Spring Church, and John Olinger, Lick 
Creek Church, Green County, Tennessee ; Peter Greim, 
three congregations, Rowan County, Conrad Kramm, Rocky 
Spring Church, Burke County, North Carolina. 

Rev. Philip Henkel called attention to the ministrations 
of Mr. Moretz, asking whether they should be recognized, 
and placed on record in the Minutes. The response was in 
the affirmative. 

The following are, in substance, the petitions presented 
to the Synod : 

i. A petition from Cape Girardeau, Wayne, and Perry 
Counties, Missouri, signed by seventy petitioners, asking for 
a minister, certifying to the good moral character of Mr. 
Christian Moretz, and requesting his ordination. In regard 
to this petition, it was resolved that said Moretz be examined. 

2. A petition from Rocky Spring Church, Burke 
County, North Carolina, commending the character of 
Rev. Richard Blalock, formerly a minister of the Sepa- 
rate Baptist Order, requesting Synod to receive him as a 
minister. In regard to this, it was resolved that Revs. 
Paul Henkel and David Henkel, as individual ministers, 
ordain him as a Lutheran minister, if found qualified, and 
that as soon as he acquires a better knowledge of the Ger- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 49 

man language, he be received into connection with the 
Synod. 

3. A petition from three congregations, Pilgrim's, 
Beck's, and Emmanuel's, Rowan County, North Carolina, 
expressing their disapproval of the General Synod, pre- 
senting their withdrawal, signed by 142 persons, and re- 
questing ministerial services from this Synod. With respect 
to this petition, it was resolved, that Rev. Paul Henkel visit 
them during the fall, and that either Rev. Adam Miller or 
Rev. George Easterly visit them in the spring, and that in 
the event the congregations can agree with one or the other 
of the two latter, he shall become their pastor. 

4. A communication from Mr. Jacob Aderhold, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, suggesting the appointment of a 
suitable person in each congregation to attend to funeral 
services, in the absence of the pastor or deacon, and that 
some change be made in regard to the rules relative to 
sponsors in baptism. 

Relative to this, it was resolved that each congregation 
use its Christian liberty in respect to these matters, keeping 
within the teachings of the Augsburg Confession. 

5. A petition from Mr. George Risch, now living in 
Tennessee Valley, Hayw T ood County, North Carolina, in 
which he indicates his constant adherence to our Church, 
and solicits a visit from one of our ministers in his commu- 
nity. It was resolved that Christian Moretz visit that 
section. 

6. A petition from fourteen lay-delegates and one 
minister, representing congregations in Indiana and Ken- 
tucky, w T ho had met in Harrison's Church, Nelson County, 
Kentucky, September 28, 1822, in which they solicit Synod 
to hold a session in their community, and to transact such 
business as might promote the interests of the Church, and 
in which they appointed Rev. Philip Henkel, who had 
visited them during the summer, to represent their interests 
in reference to this matter. 



50 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

In regard to these petitioners, it was resolved, that Rev. 
Philip Henkel be recognized as their representative in ref- 
erence to their requests ; that Revs. Paul Henkel and David 
Henkel, and Captain John Bible, as a lay-delegate, visit 
the petitioners, to render the services desired ; that such 
session be held in Brunnerstown Church, Jefferson County, 
Kentucky, commencing on the third Sunday in June, 1823; 
that all congregations interested in that meeting have the 
privilege of sending delegates ; that Rev. David Henkel 
inform the petitioners of this action of Synod ; and that, 
during the absence of Rev. David Henkel and that of Rev. 
Paul Henkel, on that mission, Rev. Adam Miller shall visit 
the congregations of the former, and Rev. Philip Henkel 
those of the latter. 

7. A petition from the congregation at Coldwater, 
Cabarrus County, North Carolina, signed by fifteen persons, 
asking to be served by a minister of this Synod, and stating 
that they do not wish to stand in connection with the 
General Synod, nor to be served by any of its ministers. 

In regard to this, it was resolved, that Rev. Adam 
Miller visit them during his. next journey to North Caro- 
lina, and that Rev. David Henkel visit them as often as 
possible, till Synod shall be able to make better arrange- 
ments to supply them. 

8. A petition for the examination of Mr. Jacob Costner 
for the office of Deacon. It was resolved, that Revs. Paul 
Henkel and Adam Miller examine him and report to Synod. 

Letters and Communications Received. 

The following is the substance of letters and communi- 
cations received, read, and acted on : 

1. A letter from Rev. Daniel Moser, in which he states 
his inability to be present, his desire that the next session 
of Synod be held in North Carolina, giving assurance that 
it would prove satisfactory to the people, that it might tend 
to healing the breach hitherto existing, and that Rev. 
Philip Henkel be requested to visit the congregations. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 5 1 

With respect to this letter, it was resolved, that if Rev. 
Mr. Moser had given some positive information as to 
whether he has absented himself from the General Synod, 
Synod could give him a more satisfactory answer, but in 
view of the present aspect of things, it can make no definite 
reply, further than that it desires him to come to some 
decisive conclusion as soon as possible. 

2. A communication, signed by three elders and eight 
church members, from St. Peter's Church, Rockingham 
County, Virginia, in which they indicate their adherence 
to this Synod, and certify the election of Mr. Ambrose 
Henkel as their delegate. 

3. A letter from Rev. Jacob Zink, in which he states 
that he baptized twenty-eight adults and sixty-nine infants 
in the State of Louisiana, but many more in the State of 
Indiana, — the exact number of which he cannot give at 
this time ; that the congregations are all united in opposi- 
tion to the General Synod ; that the General Synod is not 
Lutheran; that the most of the people in Kentucky, — 
Lutherans and German Reformed, — are opposed to the 
General Synod, and that he heartily desires to be present 
at the meeting -of Synod, but is deprived of this privilege. 
Rev. Zink's absence was excused. 

4. A letter from Mr. George Goodman, Cabarrus 
County, North Carolina, stating, that he much desired to 
be in attendance at the meeting of Synod, but was prevented 
by important circumstances from so doing, and that he 
wished to have a statement inserted in the Minutes in what 
respects Synod is governed by a majority. 

In reply, the following is the gist of the answer: Re- 
solved, that, as the Bible is the only rule and standard of 
doctrine and church discipline, and as the Augsburg Con- 
fession is a clear and correct presentation of the more im- 
portant doctrines and principles of the Bible, a majority 
have no right to decide in these matters, in opposition to 
these teachings, but in other matters, such as deciding the 
time and place for meetings, and matters that do not come 



52 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

in conflict with the aforenamed standard, the majority have 
a right to decide. 

On the report of the examining committee, it was re- 
solved, that Mr. Jacob Costner be ordained to the office of 
Deacon in his congregation, by Revs. Paul Henkel and 
David Henkel, or by one or the other of them, — which 
was done. 

It was also unanimousry resolved that examinations of 
candidates for the office of Pastor, shall be publicry before 
the Synod. 

According to the petition from Missouri, Mr. Christian 
Moretz was publicly examined, and sustained a favorable 
examination. He was then ordained as a Deacon. 

Mr. Conrad Keicher asked the question : Is slavery to 
be considered as an evil ? In reply, the Synod unanimously 
resolved, that it is to be regarded as a great evil in our land, 
and it desires the government, if it be possible, to devise 
some way by ,which this evil can be removed. Synod also 
advised every minister to admonish every master to treat 
his slaves properly, and to exercise his Christian duties 
towards them. This probably was the first move in that 
direction in the South. 

Deacon George Easter^ was publicly examined as to 
his qualifications for the office of Pastor, and having sus- 
tained a favorable examination, was ordained to that office, 
Rev. David Henkel preaching a suitable ordination sermon 
on the occasion. 

It was resolved, that Rev. Adam Miller's journal of his 
last summer's travels, be appended to the Minutes. 

Synod approved the objections compiled by the com- 
mittee, appointed at the last year's session, in opposition to 
the constitution of the General Synod. 

In regard to the suggestion made at the previous ses- 
sion, that every applicant for the office of Pastor must be 
acquainted with the Greek language, it was resolved, that, 
as the opportunities for acquiring such knowledge, are not 
always accessible, the Synod, whilst it regards such knowl- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 53 

<edge as highly useful, cannot, at this time, demand such re- 
quirement. 

It was resolved, that Synod meet in Sinking Spring 
Church, eleven miles west of Greenville, Tennessee, on the 
third Sunday in October, 1823. 

In regard to the action taken at the last session relative 
to St. Paul's School, Tennessee, the matter was referred to 
a society to be soon organized for that purpose. 

Synod agreed to patronize the printing of Dr. Luther's 
Sermon Book. 

The following is the Parochial Report : 

Rev. Jacob Zink baptized 69 infants and 28 adults ; 
Rev. David Henkel, 182 infants and 16 adults, and confirm- 
ed 32 slaves and 47 white persons ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 
107 infants and 14 adults and 1 slave, and confirmed 74 ; 
Rev. Paul Henkel, 66 infants and 5 adults, and confirmed 
36 ; Deacon C. Moretz, 29 infants ; Deacon George Easterly, 
7 infants and 1 adult ; Rev. Adam Miller, 89 infants and 8 
adults. Rev. Joseph Harr, no report. 

Fourth Session, 

In its fourth convention, this Synod met in Sinking 
Spring Church, Green County, Tennessee, October, 1823. 

On Saturday, Rev. George Easterly preached from Acts 
2, 38-40, and Rev. Philip Henkel from Eph. 2, 8. The 
services were well attended. 

On Sunday, Rev. David Henkel based his sermon on 
1 Cor. 11, 23-29. The Lord's Supper was then adminis- 
tered to 81 communicants ; after which Rev. David Henkel 
preached again, on the text John 1, 14. During these serv- 
ices the audiences were large and appreciative. 

Monday, October 20, the members of Synod having 
assembled, the Synod was opened with singing and prayer, 
followed by a kind, brotherly address, indicating the chief 
object of the meeting. 

The ministers present were, Revs. Philip Henkel, 
Green County, Tennessee, George Easterly, pastor loci,. 



54 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

David Henkel, Lincoln County, North Carolina ; Rev. Paul 
Henkel rendered an excuse for absence, on account of in- 
disposition, — he was excused, — Rev. Adam Miller sent a 
letter showing his desire to be present, but indicating 
the cause of his absence, as resulting from the extent of his 
visitations, which prevented him from being able to reach 
the place of Synod, in time. He was excused. Rev. Zink 
was also absent. 

Deacons — Christian Moretz, of Missouri, and Jacob 
Costner, of Lincoln County, North Carolina. Joseph Harr 
departed this life since the last meeting. We have been 
unable to find any obituary notice in regard to him. 

Lay-delegates — Messrs. Frederick Schaeffer, place of 
meeting, Henry Meyer, Golden Spring Church, Green 
County, Henry Long, St. Paul's Church, Knox County, 
George Schaeffer, Zion's Church, Sullivan County, John 
Maurer, St. Paul's Church, Monroe County, John Keicher, 
Emmanuel Church, Adam Herrmann, Union Church, 
Washington County, Daniel Olinger, Bethesda Church, 
Green County, Tennessee ; George Goodman, of North Car- 
olina ; Ambrose Henkel, Shenandoah County, Virginia ; 
Emanuel Permann, Solomon's Church, Green County, Con- 
rad Easterly, St. Jacob's Church, Green County, Jacob 
Wiszler, Washington County, and Michael Brenner, St. 
Jacob's Church, Sevier County, Tennessee. 

i. The proceedings of the last year's session were read. 
Rev. David Henkel stated, that, up to this time, he had 
not, on account of certain circumstances, ordained Richard 
Blalock to the office of the ministry, according to the resolu- 
tion passed at the previous session. 

2. In regard to the meeting held, last summer, in Nel- 
son County, Kentucky, a printed paper was read. The 
Synod expressed its entire approbation with the result, and 
recognized the members of Harrison's Church, Nelson Coun- 
ty, Kentucky, and those who met with them in that meet- 
ing, as brethren, giving assurance, that, as far as possible, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 55 

it will care for them, and indicating regret, that Rev. Paul 
Henkel, on account of sickness, could not be at that con- 
ference. 

3. It was resolved, that all who applied for ministerial 
services from this Synod, be supplied as far as possible. It 
was also stated, that Rev. Paul Henkel visited the three 
congregations, which had applied for services, and preached 
for them, baptized their children, instructed their catechu- 
mens, and administered them the Lord's Supper, last fall. 

4. In regard to the resolution passed at the last year's 
session, relative to the circulation of Luther's Writings, as 
fast as possible, it was stated, that three of Luther's Ser- 
mons were already printed, and can be obtained at Dr. 
Solomon Henkel' s printing establishment, New Market, 
Shenandoah County, Virginia. 

The Parochial Report presented is as follows : 
Rev. Philip Henkel baptized 87 infants and 12 adults, 
and confirmed 50 white persons ; Rev. George Easterly, 52 
infants and 5 adults, and confirmed 13 white persons ; Rev. 
David Henkel, 159 infants and 2 adults, and confirmed 7 
slaves and 57 white persons ; Rev. Christian Moretz, 87 in- 
fants and 9 adults; Rev. Adam Miller, 100 infants and 12 
adults, and confirmed 6 slaves and 12 white persons. 
The following petitions were received and read : 

1. A petition from Keinadt's (Koiner's) Church, Au- 
gusta County, Virginia, in which they state, that they have 
no regular minister at this time, in consequence of the fact 
that they do not desire a minister from the General Synod, 
that they do not regard that Synod as Scriptural, and hence 
they cannot consistently call a minister from it, and that as 
they regard our Synod as adhering to the Augsburg Con- 
fession, they turn their attention to it for the purpose of 
obtaining a teacher. 

2. A petition from the Hawksbill Church, Shenandoah 
County, now Page County, Virginia, in which they say, 
that, as Rev. Paul Henkel cannot serve them now, in con- 
sequence of ill health, they might secure the services of a 



56 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

minister in connection with the General Synod,, but in view 
of its doctrinal position, they do not desire to do so, and 
hence they petition for the promotion of Mr. Ambrose 
Henkel to the office of the ministry, vouching for his moral 
character. 

3. A petition from Pine Church, Shenandoah County, 
Virginia, now St. Mary's, of similar import to that of the 
former. 

4. A petition from Cape Girardeau, Perry, Wayne, and 
Madison Counties, Missouri, requesting the ordination of 
Deacon Christian Moretz to the office of Pastor, and giving 
evidence of his good character. 

5. A petition from Valley Church, Wythe County, 
Virginia, in which the petitioners indicate, that they do not 
wish any longer to co-operate with the North Carolina 
Synod, that they have withdrawn from it, and desire to be 
received into our Synod, and also that their preacher, Rev. 
Andrew Sechrist, acquiesces in this move. 

6. A petition from the Church in the Fork, Washing- 
ton County, Virginia, asking for the promotion of Rev. 
Andrew Sechrist in the ministerial office. 

7. A petition from Zion's congregation, Sullivan 
County, Tennessee, in which they express a desire, that, if 
Rev. Adam Miller cannot serve them more frequently, 
Andrew Sechrist serve them. 

8. A petition from Rader's Church, Rockingham 
County, Virginia, signed by the church council, in which 
they state, that, as they have no opportunity to be served 
by a minister, unless it be by one from the General Synod, 
and seeing that our Synod still adheres to the Augsburg 
Confession, they desire our Synod to supply them with a 
minister. They further state, that Rev. Philip Henkel 
preached for them once last summer, and that they have 
such confidence in him as induces them to desire him to 
serve them. 

9. A petition from Emmanuel Church, Washington 
County, Tennessee, in which the petitioners desire the next 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 57 

meeting of Synod to be held in their church ; whereupon 
Ambrose Henkel also presented a verbal petition from four 
congregations in Virginia to the same effect. 

10. A petition from three congregations in Davidson 
County, formerly Rowan County, North Carolina, in which 
the petitioners express their heartfelt thanks for the services 
received from our Synod, and pray for a continuance of 
the same. 

n. A petition from the congregation in Jeffersontown, 
Jefferson County, Kentucky, petitioning for a minister be- 
longing to our Synod ; especially for David Henkel. 

12. A petition from a congregation in Clark County, 
on Fourteen-mile Creek, Indiana, asking our Synod to 
provide them with a minister. 

13. A petition, verbally stated by Rev. David Henkel, 
on behalf of Mr. George Risch, in Tennessee Valley, for a 
minister. 

The following action was taken in regard to these 
petitions : 

1. With respect to petitions 5, 6, and 7, in regard to 
the reception of Mr. Sechrist, it was resolved, that, as he 
indicates in writing that he accepts and holds our position, 
he be received and examined, and, if he sustain a proper 
examination, he be ordained. 

2. Relative to petition 4, concerning the pastoral ordi- 
nation of Deacon C. Moretz, it was resolved, that, as he has 
faithfully served for two years in his present office, and 
sustained an irreproachable character, if he sustain a favor- 
able examination, he be ordained to the office of Pastor. 

3. In reference to 2 and 3, as to the reception of Mr. 
Ambrose Henkel as a deacon, it was resolved, that he be 
received and examined, and, if found qualified, he be or- 
dained to the office of Deacon. 

Hereupon, the examination of these three applicants 
took place, and they stood a favorable examination. After 
the examination, Rev. David Henkel preached an ordina- 
tion sermon from Eph. 4, 3-14; after which the applicants 



58 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

were ordained with pra}< er and with the imposition of hands. 

4. In reference to petitions, numbers 1, 8, 10, 11, 12, 
and 13, relative to services from this Synod, it was resolved, 
that every preacher present agree to visit a certain district 
in the bounds of the petitioners desiring services. It was 
further resolved, that, in the future, when a minister cannot 
be at Synod, he shall, when necessary, attend to such dis- 
trict as may be assigned to him. 

It was also resolved, that Rev. George Easterly visit 
the congregations in Davidson County, North Carolina, 
this fall; that, in the spring, Rev. Sechrist visit them 
again, in case Rev. /Adam Miller cannot visit them ; and 
that Rev. Adam Miller visit the petitioners in Augusta, 
Rockingham, and Shenandoah Counties, Virginia, next 
spring or in the beginning of summer. 

Rev. George Easterly was requested to visit Mr. Risch, 
in Haywood, North Carolina, this fall. 

In the event Mr. Sechrist does not visit Davidson Coun- 
ty till spring, thus making it possible for Rev. Miller to 
make both visits, he shall serve Rev. Miller's congregations, 
during his absence. 

Rev. Moretz was appointed to visit the petitioners in 
Kentucky and Indiana, this fall, and in the spring or the 
earl}* part of the summer, either Rev. Philip Henkel or 
David Henkel is to visit them again.* 

Relative to the verbal petition, number 9, it was re- 
solved, that the next meeting of Synod be held in Keinadt's 
(Koiner's) Church, Augusta County, Virginia, twelve miles 
east of Staunton, and begin on the first Sunday in Septem- 
ber, 1824. 

In this connection appears a paper, in which it is stated, 
that a German periodical, published in Baltimore, Maryland, 
bearing date, June 25, 1823, was received, in which, it is 
learned, that, during its last session, in the town of Lebanon, 



*It seems to have been the object of Synod, to serve all congrega- 
tions, that petitioned for services, as far as it was possible for it to do. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 59 

Pennsylvania, the Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania with- 
drew its connection with the General Synod, by resolving 
not to send any more delegates to it, and that this resolution 
shall continue in force, in the future, until the congrega- 
tions themselves shall revoke it. For this move, certain 
reasons were assigned, which indicate dissatisfaction on the 
part of many with the plan of the General Synod. 

In view of this fact, in order to obtain desired informa- 
tion, this Synod deemed it not improper to submit the fol- 
lowing inquiries to the Pennsylvania Synod, asking a reply : 

1. "Do you believe, that Holy Baptism, administered 
with natural water, in the name of the Father, and of the 
Son, and of the Holy Ghost, effects the forgiveness of sins, 
delivers from death and the devil, and confers everlasting 
salvation upon all who believe it, as the words and promises 
of God declare ? 

2. "Do you believe, that the true body and blood of 
Christ, under the form of bread and wine in the Holy Sup- 
per, are present, administered, and received? Do you also 
believe, that the unbelieving communicants receive in this 
Supper the body and blood of Christ, under the form of 
bread and wine? 

"We do not ask whether the unbelievers obtain the 
forgiveness of their sins thereby, but whether they also re- 
ceive the body and blood of Jesus in this Sacrament. 

3. "Do you believe, that Jesus Christ, as true God and 
man in one person, should be worshiped? 

4. "Is it right for the Evangelical Lutheran Church to 
unite with any religious organization that seeks to deny the 
doctrines of the Augsburg Confession and Luther's Cate- 
chism ? Or is it right for Lutherans to go to the Holy Sup- 
per with such ? 

5. "Is your Synod to be henceforth ruled by a majority 
of the voters ? 

6. "Does your Synod intend still to adhere to the 
declaration, that Jesus Christ, the Great Head of his Church, 
has given no special direction or order for the establishment 



60 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

of Church Government, as it is declared in the Constitution 
of the General Synod ? 

' ' Your answers to these questions in writing, addressed 
to our Secretary, Rev. David Henkel, Lincolnton, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, will be duly appreciated." 

Fifth Session. 

This Synod met, in its fifth session, in Keinadt's 
(Koiner's) Church, Augusta County, Virginia, September 
6, 1824. 

On Saturday, Rev. George Easterly preached on Heb. 
11,6. On Sunday, Rev. Daniel Moser preached on Tit. 3, 
4-7. He was followed by Rev. David Henkel in the En- 
glish. Then Rev. Philip Henkel preached on 1 Cor. 11, 26. 
The Lord's Supper was administered. The house was filled 
with devout worshipers. 

On Monday, the members of Synod assembled. The 
pastors present were : Revs. Paul Henkel, New Market, 
Virginia ; Adam Miller, Sullivan County, Tennessee; Philip 
Henkel, Green County, Tennessee ; George Easterly, of the 
same County as the latter ; David Henkel, Lincoln County, 
North Carolina. Revs. Jacob Zink and Christian Moretz 
were absent. 

Deacons — Ambrose Henkel, New Market, Virginia. 
Andrew Sechrist and Jacob Costner were absent. 

Delegates — Messrs. George Goodman, Cabarrus County , 
North Carolina, representing nine congregations; Ludwig 
Stein, Sullivan County, John Renner, Green County, Ten- 
nessee ; Daniel Tussing, Pine Church, Shenandoah County, 
Virginia ; Joseph Nehs, Green County, Tennessee ; Martin 
Meyer and John Printz, Hawksbill Church, Shenandoah, 
now Page County, Virginia ; Peter Schaeffer and John 
Bauman, Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia ; 
Henry Miller, Philip Church, Rockingham County, Vir- 
ginia ; Casper Keinadt and Jacob Keinadt (Koiner), of the 
place of meeting. 

1. Rev. George Henry Riemenschneider, of Pendleton 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 6l 

County, Virginia, having applied for reception into Synod, 
having given, in writing, satisfactory evidence of his acqui- 
escence with the doctrines and position of Synod, and that 
more than a year ago he had withdrawn from the Maryland 
Synod, and a paper, signed by nineteen leading church 
members, having been presented, vouching for his irre- 
proachable, Christian character, he was received as a regu- 
lar member of Synod, by the extension of the right hand of 
fellowship. 

2. Rev. Daniel Moser, Lincoln County, North Caro- 
lina, having expressed a desire to be received into connec- 
tion with this Synod, and a petition, number six, signed 
by members of three of his congregations, testifying to his 
good moral conduct, and certifying that since 1820 neither 
they nor their minister belonged to any synod, and asking 
to be received into Synod ; and Rev. Moser, in writing over 
his own signature, stating that he regarded the doctrines 
maintained by, the Tennessee Synod as in accord with the 
Augsburg Confession, it was resolved, that he and his con- 
gregations be received, and that he be recognized by Synod 
as one of its pastors. 

At 12 M., Rev. Riemenschneider preached on 1 Cor. 
10, 15. 

3. Rev. David Henkel having stated that during his 
travels he met Rev. Zink, who informed him that for cer- 
tain reasons over which he had no control, he could not be 
present ; he was excused, and Rev. Riemenschneider moved 
that a letter be sent him in the name of the Synod, express- 
ing its appreciation of his labors and encouraging him to 
continue steadfast in his office. 

The following petitions were then read : 

1. A petition from Messrs. Andrew Bastian, Peter 
Allbrecht, and John Setzer, signed by the Sewitzen Church, 
Rowan County, North Carolina, praying that one of our 
ministers might visit them, as they desired a minister who 
teaches according to the fundamental doctrines and regula- 
tions of the Lutheran Church. 



62 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

2. A petition from a congregation in Nelson County, 
Kentucky, « expressing their gratification on account of 
services already rendered by Synod, and a desire for a con- 
tinuation of such services. 

3. A petition from a church in Jefferson County, Ken- 
tucky, expressing gratitude for the inestimable services ren- 
dered them by Rev. David Henkel, speaking of him in most 
favorable terms, and praying for further services. 

In connection with this, it should be observed, that 
Rev. David Henkel was most cordially received and liber- 
ally remunerated by these two congregations in Kentucky 
for his services, and that he received similar treatment from 
the brethren in Indiana. 

4. A petition, signed by the councils of four congrega- 
tions in Davidson County, North Carolina, in which they 
express their sincere thanks for services already received, 
and petition for a preacher. 

5. A petition, signed by the elders and deacons of 
Philadelphia congregation, Lincoln County, North Caro- 
lina, in which they pray that a committee be elected, and 
that the North Carolina Synod be requested to appoint a 
similar one, and that these two committees meet, and show 
and state publicly the differences in doctrine between the 
two synods. 

6. A petition from Rev. Daniel Moser's congregation 
of similar import. 

7. A petition from St. John's Church, Lincoln County, 
North Carolina, of same import. 

8. A petition from St. Jacob's Church, Tennessee, in 
which the petitioners request that less labor be imposed on 
Rev. Philip Henkel, in traveling, and if this cannot be 
done, that some other minister serve them during his 
absence. 

9. A petition from Hawksbill Church, Virginia, and a 
verbal petition from three other churches, praying for the 
ordination of Mr. Ambrose Henkel to the office of Pastor. 

10. A petition from Rader's Church, Virginia, stating 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 63 

that they have had no minister for a long time, that their 
3'oung people are being neglected, and that hence they de- 
sire that Rev. Adam Miller serve them. In connection 
with this, there is a petition from old Pine Church of 
similar import. It also asks for the services of Ambrose 
Henkel. 

11. A petition from a congregation in Harrison County, 
Indiana, asking for ministerial services. 

In regard to petitions numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, and 11, 
asking for services, it was resolved that the following min- 
isters spend two months each before the next meeting of 
Synod, in visiting and serving these petitioners : Revs. 
Adam Miller, George Easterly, Philip Henkel, David 
Henkel, Daniel Moser, and Ambrose Henkel, and that 
they arrange the sections which each one is to visit to suit 
themselves. 

Relative to this, it was observed that as this Synod has 
no treasury, out of which to remunerate traveling ministers, 
the petitioners are expected to defray such expenses, as 
they have, to their praise, heretofore done. The laborer 
is worthy of his reward. 

Letters were then read from Revs. C. Moretz and 
Andrew Sechrist, and Peter Heyl (Hoyle), Esq., delegates 
elect from congregations in Lincoln County, North Carolina, 
and Deacon Jacob Costner, rendering excuses for their ab- 
sence, &c. They were excused. 

And also a letter from Mr. Carl Gock, of Pennsylvania, 
in which he expresses himself as dissatisfied with the 
General Synod, and states that he had reprinted the report 
of the committee, appointed during the second session of 
our Synod, to compile the objections to the constitution of 
the General Synod, and circulated 1,200 copies, &c. 

The petitions numbered 5, 6, and 7 received attention, 
and among other actions taken in relation to them, it was 
resolved, inasmuch as there are a number of persons who 
do not understand the difference between the doctrines held 
by the Tennessee Synod and those held by the North Caro- 



64 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

lina Synod, and to establish peace and harmony as far as 
possible, that a committee, consisting of Messrs. Casper 
Keinadt, Jacob Keinadt (Koiner), and Adam Leonard, be 
appointed, with the privilege of selecting a secretary. It 
shall be their duty to collect, from the writings of the two 
parties, the conflicting doctrines held by each, and place 
them opposite to each other, so that every one may see the 
difference ; and if those who have deviated from the teach- 
ings of the Augsburg Confession and the Lutheran order 
shall publicly renounce, in print, such deviations, further 
steps for a re-union may be instituted. 

Rev. Nehemiah Bonham, an English Lutheran preacher 
of Tazwell County, having appeared since the opening of 
this session, and expressed a desire to be received into 
Synod ; and presenting a petition from his congregations, 
in which they testify to the Christian walk and conduct of 
said Bonham, and ask to be received into Synod, besides 
other evidence of his good character, after examination 
he was received into Synod by the extension of the right 
hand of brotherly fellowship, and his congregations were 
also received. 

Relative to petition number 9, it was resolved, that 
Ambrose Henkel be examined in regard to his qualifications 
for the office of Pastor, and, if he sustain the required exami- 
nation, that he be ordained to that office. The examination 
proved satisfactory, and he was ordained to that office, by 
Revs. Riemenschneider, Miller, and Easterly. 

It was now resolved, that the next meeting of this Synod 
be held in St. John's Church, twenty miles northeast of 
Lincolnton, North Carolina, commencing on the first Sun- 
day in September, 1825. 

A young man, Adam Miller, Jr., nephew of Rev. Adam 
Miller, was introduced to Synod as an applicant for the office 
of the Ministry. He was placed under the supervision of 
his uncle. 

The following is the Parochial Report : 

Rev. George Easterly baptized 72 infants, 8 adults, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 65 

and 2 slaves, and confirmed 12 ; Rev. Daniel Moser, since 
1820, 350 infants and 1 adult, and confirmed 121 ; Rev. 
Philip Henkel, 171 infants, 9 adults, and 7 slaves, and 
confirmed 17 ; Rev. Adam Miller, 118 infants and 22 adults, 
and confirmed 51 ; Rev. Christian Moretz, 23 infants ; Rev. 
Paul Henkel, 16 infants; Rev. Jacob Zink, no report ; Rev. 
Nehemiah Bonham, no report; Rev. G. H. Riemenschnei- 
der, since 1822, 68 infants and 2 adults, and confirmed 44 ; 
Rev. Ambrose Henkel, 42 infants ; Rev. David Henkel, 133 
infants, 15 adults, and 9 slaves, and confirmed 60. 

Synod then adjourned to meet at the time and place 
designated. 

As Appendixes, follow the report of the committee to 
present in print the differences in doctrine between the two 
Synods, and a memorial addressed, by Rev. David Henkel, 
to the Synod of Maryland and Virginia. 

Sixth Session. 

Synod met in its sixth session, in St. John's Church, 
Lincoln County, now Catawba County, North Carolina, 
September 5, 1825. 

On Saturday previous, two sermons were preached, — 
one by Rev. Christian Moretz, and the other by Rev. Am- 
brose- Henkel. On Sunday, two discourses were delivered,, 
and the Lord's Supper administered to 206 communicants. 

Ministers present — Revs. Philip Henkel, Geo. Easterly, 
N. Bonham, Ambrose Henkel, C. Moretz, D. Moser, and 
David Henkel, and Deacon J. Costner. 

Applicant — Mr. Adam Miller, Jr. 

Delegates — Messrs. Adam Cloninger, Jacob Pleyler, An- 
drew Taylor, G. Burkhart, G. Nehs, G. Bible, A. Siegel, 
Peter Heyl, J. Efird, P. Allbright, G. Goodman, Jonathan 
Hertzel, Daniel Sechrist, J. Beck, Michael Rudisill, John 
Ramsauer, David Hahn, C. Kramm, Adam Lingel, John 
Moretz, H. Rudisill, Elias Bast, and the church council of 
St. John's. 

Eight letters were received and read, assigning reasons 



66 t HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

for absence, asking to be excused, and petitioning for minis- 
terial services. The requests were granted. 

Action was now taken relative to doctrinal questions 
which had been propounded, two years ago, to the Pennsyl- 
vania Synod, and which had not been as yet answered, nor 
any reason given for such delay. 

In respect to this, Revs. Daniel Moser and Ambrose 
Henkel, and Messrs. John Ramsauer and Peter Heyl, were 
appointed a committee to renew the questions. 

A memorial was presented, signed by nine persons, re- 
questing Synod to make another effort to effect a union with 
the ministers of the North Carolina Synod, but in such a 
manner as not to compromise the genuine Lutheran doc- 
trines. 

In reference to this memorial, it was resolved, that, as 
the ministers of the North Carolina Synod failed to respond 
to our former proposal for negotiations with a view to adjust 
the differences, according to the standard of the Church, 
the same proposition and questions be repeated, and if their 
answers prove satisfactory, all necessary steps shall be taken 
to effect peace and harmony ; but if the answers should fail 
to be satisfactory, we further propose to them, that a time 
and place may be selected, and that each party appoint a 
speaker to present the disputed doctrines, in such a manner 
that the audience that may assemble at the time and place, 
may form their views relative to the differences, and that 
the arguments on both sides may be afterward published. 

The committee, appointed to prepare a paper, containing 
certain questions to be submitted to the Pennsylvania Synod 
for its consideration and answers, submitted their report. 
The questions are similar to those prepared in 1823. 

The Secretary was ordered to address a friendly letter 
to the Rev. Muhlenberg, a member of that Synod, to obtain 
counsel relative to the present condition of the Church. 

Here two petitions from Tennessee follow, asking for 
the ordination of Mr. Adam Miller, Jr. He was examined 
and ordained. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 67 

Eight petitions from North Carolina, Virginia, and 
Tennessee, were received, asking for ministerial services. 
Arrangements were made to supply them. 

All the congregations in connection with Synod were 
advised more generally to introduce Luther's Catechism. 

The time and place for the next meeting of Synod were 
the first Sunday in September, 1826, and Buehler's Church, 
near Papersville, Sullivan County, Tennessee. The paro- 
chial report is favorable. 

The following is the Parochial Report : 

Rev. George Easterly baptized 40 infants and 6 adults, 
and confirmed 12 ; Rev. Nehemiah Bonham, 32 infants and 
1 2 adults ; Rev. Ambrose Henkel, 60 infants and 1 adult ; 
Rev. Daniel Moser, 130 infants, 6 adults, and 11 slaves, 
and confirmed 39; Rev. Christian Moretz, 105 infants, 7 
adults, and confirmed 20 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 1 10 infants, 
7 adults, and 4 slaves, and confirmed 45 ; Rev. David 
Henkel, 135 infants, 6 adults, and 4 slaves, and confirmed 
41 ; Rev. Paul Henkel, 20 infants, 5 adults, and con- 
firmed 10. 

Obituary of Rev. Paul Henkel. — Rev. Paul Henkel was a son of 
Jacob Henkel who was a son of Justus Henkel who was a son of Rev. Ger- 
hard Henkel who was a German Court preacher, and came to America 
about 17 18, and located at Germantown, near Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania. Rev. Gerhard Henkel was a descendant of Count Henkel, of 
Poeltzig, who was instrumental in sending Rev. Muhlenberg to America. 
Count Henkel was a descendant of Johann Henkel, D. D., LL. D., born 
in Leutschau, Hungary, and was Father Confessor to Queen Maria 
about 1530. He sympathized with Protestantism, and maintained 
friendly relations with Melanchthon, Erasmus, Spalatin, and others 
who were engaged in the Reformation of the sixteenth century. 

Rev. Paul Henkel was born on the Yadkin River, Rowan County, 
North Carolina, December 15, 1754. Whilst he was a youth, his pa- 
rents, with their family, moved to Western Virginia. About the year 
1776, Paul Henkel determined to prepare himself for the Gospel Min- 
istry, placing himself under the instruction of Rev. Kruch, pastor of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Fredericktown, Maryland. After 
having taken a course in the German, Latin, and Greek languages, 
and other studies necessary to the ministerial office, he applied to the 
Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania and adjacent States, — 



68 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the only Lutheran Synod then in existence in this country . He was 
examined and licensed to preach. Having received a call from con- 
gregations in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, at and near New 
Market, Shenandoah County, he accepted, and located at New Mar- 
ket, Virginia, and extended his labors into other sections, as Augusta, 
Madison, Pendleton, Wythe, &c, where he laid the foundations 
of a large number of congregations. On the 6th of June, 1792, 
he was solemnly set apart to the office of Pastor, in the city of Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania. His ordination was performed by Rev. John 
Frederick Schmidt, pastor of a church in that city. He afterward 
located in Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, and labored in that 
section about three years. He then returned to New Market, Virginia, 
and resumed his labors among his former congregations. In 1800, he 
received a call to congregations in Rowan (his native County), North 
Carolina. He accepted it, but even there, as in Virginia, he did not 
confine his labors simply to those congregations, but extended them 
to other places in the surrounding counties. But finding that section 
unhealthy, on account of chills and fever, he returned in 1805 to New 
Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, and became an independent 
missionary. Not depending for a support on any special missionary 
fund, but on the promises of his Master and the good will of those to 
whom he ministered, he made several tours through Western Virginia, 
Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, gathering the scattered 
members of the Church, administering to them the Word and Sacra- 
ments, instructing and confirming the youth, and, as far as practicable, 
organizing new congregations. During the War of 1812-1815, he took 
up his residence at Point Pleasant, Mason County, Virginia, and 
organized several congregations in that section, but at the close of the 
war, he returned to his old residence at New Market, Virginia, and 
resumed his missionary labors. 

In 1803, whilst he resided in North Carolina, he, with several 
other ministers, formerly belonging to the Pennsylvania Synod, organ- 
ized the North Carolina Synod. In October, 1812, while he resided at 
Point Pleasant, about ten of the brethren of the Pennsylvania Synod 
held their first special conference west of the Alleghany Mountains, 
in Washington County, Pennsylvania. To this conference he was 
invited, but for certain reasons was unable to attend. But at the con- 
ference which was held the next year at Clear Creek, Fairfield Count}- , 
Ohio, he was present, and was recognized as one of their body, although 
he still belonged to the Synod of North Carolina. In 1818, he took 
part in the organization of the Ohio Synod, and in 1820, in that of the 
Tennessee S}"nod. 

In 1809, he published a small work in the German language, on 
Christian Baptism and the Lord's Supper. This work was afterwards 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 69 

translated into the English. In 1810, he published a German hymn- 
book for the benefit of the Church, containing two hundred and forty- 
six hymns. In 1816, he published another hymn-book in the English 
language, which was afterwards enlarged and improved, and contains 
four hundred and seventy-six hymns, — a portion of which are adapted 
to the Gospels and Epistles of the Ecclesiastical Year. A considerable 
number of these hymns, both German and English, were composed by 
him. In 1814, he published his German Catechism, and not long after- 
wards his English Catechism, for the especial benefit of the 5'oung, not 
changing the substance of Luther's Catechism. To these Catechisms 
he appended an explanation of all the Fast and Festival Days observed 
in the Church. Soon after this, his little work, written in rhyme, en- 
titled Zeitvertreib (Pastime) made its appearance, to the amusement 
of some, and the annoyance of others, — it was a satirical rebuke to 
fanaticism and superstition, vice and folly. 

He was well proportioned, large and erect, standing about six feet, 
with well developed physical organs, full of energy and perseverance. 
His mind was well balanced. His attainments were liberal. As a 
citizen, he was kind, affectionate, and forbearing. As a neighbor, he 
was universally esteemed and beloved. As a preacher, he had few su- 
periors in his day. He was animated and often eloquent. His soul 
was in his Master's cause. Few ministers performed more arduous, 
faithful, efficient labor than he did. In all the relations of life, he 
was true, faithful, pious, reliable, and upright. 

On the 20th of November, 1776, he entered into the holy estate of 
matrimony with Miss Elizabeth Negley, who, with her father's family, 
had emigrated from New Jersey to Virginia. They became the parents 
of nine children, — six sons and three daughters. The oldest son enter- 
ed the medical profession, and the other five, the ministerial, becoming 
Lutheran ministers. 

He preached his first sermon in Pendleton County, Virginia, now 
West Virginia, in the year 1781, on Phil. 2, 5, and his last one, in 
New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, Oct. 9, 1825, on Luke 2, 34. 

After faithfully serving his generation for many years, it pleased 
the great Head of the Church to call him from his labors here to his 
reward in the Church triumphant. He died of paralysis, on the 17th 
day of November, 1825 ; aged 70 years, 11 months, and 11 days, and 
was buried at New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia ; Rev. Geo. 
H. Riemenschneider officiating. The sermon was based on Phil. 1, 21. 

In speaking of the Rev. Paul Henkel, John G. Morris, D. D., LL. 
D., says, in his work, "Fifty Years in the Ministry," he "was, in 
early life and for many years, a laborious missionary among the scat- 
tered Anglo-German population in the South. He may indeed be con- 
sidered as one of the pioneers of the church in that region, which was 



70 HISTORY OF THE EV ANGELICAS 

in those days truly desolate. His narrative, which was printed, has all 
the interest of romance, and if he had performed the same self-denying 
labors in the service of any other church he would have received a 
greater earthly reward." 

Seventh Sessio?i. 

According to appointment, Synod met in Buehler's 
Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, September 8, 1826. 
The ministers, with the usual delegates, were present. The 
absentees were excused. It was resolved, that, at the next 
meeting of Synod, both the German and the English lan- 
guages may be used in the proceedings of Synod. The 
parochial report shows progress. Rev. David Henkel was 
elected secretary, his office to continue through the sy nod- 
ical year. It seems, that heretofore that office terminated 
with the session of Synod. The name of Rev. Andrew 
Sechrist was, for good and sufficient reasons, dropped from 
the clerical roll. 

The Synod having made several attempts to meet with 
ministers of the North Carolina Synod in consultation, 
discussion, or debate, and all having failed, it authorized 
Revs. Adam Miller, Daniel Moser, and David Henkel to 
proclaim or announce a public meeting, to be held at or 
near Organ Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, com- 
mencing on the 4th day of November proximo, to take into 
consideration and discuss the points of doctrine about whi<;h 
there were differences, and invite ministers of the North 
Carolina Synod to be present and participate, with a view 
to adjust the conflicts and restore harmony. 

At this meeting, it was resolved, that Luther's Small 
Catechism be translated and printed in an English dress, 
and that Rev. Ambrose Henkel make arrangements to have 
the matter receive proper attention. 

Seventeen petitions from the following States, Virginia, 
North Carolina, Tennessee, Indiana, and Ohio, numerously 
signed, requesting ministerial services, were received. — 
Arrangements were made to supply the wants of the peti- 
tioners. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 7 1 

Several letters from Pennsylvania were read, requesting 
Rev. David Henkel to visit that State and preach and vindi- 
cate the distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran Church. He 
was advised to go, and he finally agreed so to do. 

Mr. Samuel C. Parmer, of Tennessee, applied to be 
received under the care of Synod, with a view to the minis- 
try. He was received, and placed under the care of Rev. 
Adam Miller. 

Adam Miller, Jr., was examined and ordained as pastor, 
and David Forester as deacon, and a committee was ap- 
pointed to ordain J. N. Stirewalt as a deacon some time 
during the synodical year. 

It was resolved, that Synod meet in its next session in 
Zion's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, twenty miles 
west of Abingdon, Virginia, on the first Sunday in Septem- 
ber, 1827. 

As the Divinity of Christ was called into question, 
both from the pulpit and in print, Rev. David Henkel w T as 
requested to write a book on that subject. He consented 
to do so. This gave rise to his work against the Unitarians. 

The following is the Parochial Report : 

Rev. Ambrose Henkel baptized 54 infants, 1 adult, 
and 2 slaves, and confirmed 10 ; Rev. Nehemiah Bonham, 
40 infants, 10 adults, and 5 slaves ; Rev. Christian Moretz, 
83 infants, 1 adult, and 4 slaves, and confirmed 14; Rev. 
Adam Miller, Jr., 53 infants, 1 adult, and 1 slave; Rev. 
Adam Miller, Sr., 216 infants and 10 adults, and confirmed 
138 ; Rev. Daniel Moser, 104 infants, 1 adult, and 7 slaves; 
Rev. George Easterly, 52 infants, 2 adults, and 2 slaves, 
and confirmed 6 ; Rev. David Henkel, 205 infants, 14 
adults, and 7 slaves, and confirmed 83 ; Rev. Philip Henkel, 
100 infants, 5 adults, and confirmed 30. 

Eighth Session. 

Synod met, according to previous appointment, in 
Zion's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, September 3, 
1827. The ministers were all present except Revs. H. 



72 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAE 

Riemenschneider, Philip Henkel, Adam Miller, Sr., N. 
Bonham, J. Zink, and Deacon Costner. These were 
excused. 

Rev. David Henkel was appointed secretary for the 
synodical year. Both the German and English languages, 
according to previous resolution, were permitted to be used 
during the sessions of Synod. 

The committee, appointed at the previous session, to 
call a public meeting for the purpose of discussing the points 
of doctrine, on which there were differences, and invite 
ministers of the North Carolina Synod to participate with 
equal rights, reported, stating, that the meeting was appoint- 
ed and regular notice given, but none of the North Carolina 
Synod ministers attended. 

By those assembled, the committee were requested to 
make another similar appointment for the same purpose. — 
Afterwards the committee were again solicited to do the 
same thing, try another assembly, in Lincoln County, North 
Carolina. Hence, another meeting was called to assemble, 
for the same purpose, in St. Paul's Church, in the aforesaid 
County, on the day after the rising of the North Carolina 
Synod, which was held in that Church ; so that it might be 
convenient for the ministers of that Synod to be present. — 
The committee reported the result of this meeting to Synod, 
— which was, that none of the ministers of the North Caro- 
lina Synod attended the meeting. Revs. Daniel Moser and 
David Henkel appeared, and after the latter made an address, 
it was thought there was no use in pursuing the matter any 
further at that time, as there was no one to discuss with. — 
The report was received and ordered to be spread on the 
Minutes. The committee, after the failure of this meeting 
at St. Paul's, requested Rev. David Henkel to prepare a 
paper, showing the propriety and reasons for such a meet- 
ing and such discussion, under the circumstances. He did 
so, and it was ordered to be printed in the Minutes of this 
session. See Minutes of 1827. 

As the questions, submitted to the Pennsylvania Synod 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 73 

and the address to the Rev. Muhlenberg, have not been an- 
swered, it was resolved, with a view of obtaining the senti- 
ment of several synods, as well as of individual ministers, 
in regard to the differences, that Rev. David Henkel pre- 
pare a pastoral address, showing the position of this Synod 
in respect to true, genuine Lutheran doctrine, requesting 
synods and individual ministers to manifest their approval 
or disapproval of its position. Rev. David Henkel was re- 
quested to prepare this pastoral address for publication, other 
ministers giving such aid as deemed proper. He agreed to 
prepare this address as soon as time would admit. This 
address was to be published in both the German and English. 

For the distribution of publications and good books, 
special agents were appointed, who were to be aided by the 
ministers, &c. 

Rev. Ambrose Henkel, who was appointed at the last 
session of Synod to procure an accurate translation of Lu- 
ther's Small Catechism, submitted the manuscript transla- 
tion to Synod. It was received, and after the Synod spent 
a day in examining it, and finding it satisfactory, he was 
requested to have it published, with the preliminary obser- 
vations. This was probably the first full, direct translation 
of said work ever published in this country in the English. 

Rev. David Henkel, who was appointed at the previous 
session to write a work on the Person and Incarnation of 
Christ, reported that he had not as yet completed it, owing 
to a press of.other engagements. 

At the request of some of the lay-delegates, Rev. David 
Henkel was asked to make an English translation of the 
entire Augsburg Confession of Faith. He agreed to under- 
take the task, provided sufficient time be allowed. 

As the constitution of Synod, at its organization, stands 
among the proceedings of Synod, unseparated from them, 
as it were, and as there is no definite distinction between 
the articles that are unalterable and those which are, a 
committee was appointed to remodel and improve it. This 
was done, and after a careful examination, it was ordered 



74 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

to be printed in connection with the Minutes of this session. 

A resolution was passed requiring ministers to give a 
very careful and thorough course of catechetical instruction 
in the doctrines and practices of the Church, to the young 
and inexperienced, before admitting them to the ancient 
rite of confirmation, as there was a growing negligence in 
that direction. 

Another resolution was passed admonishing parents to 
send their children more regularly to such instructions, and 
to be more liberal in remunerating ministers for their serv- 
ices, especially those who are able to do so. 

It was also resolved, that those having a view to enter- 
ing the ministry, should take a respectable course in literary 
training, and be examined in regard to such attainments, as 
well as to their theological acquirements, before entering the 
ministry ; and where opportunities present, they were ad- 
vised to study the Greek and Hebrew languages, as well as 
the German and English. 

There being petitions for the ordination of Mr. John N. 
Stirewalt, a committee was appointed to ordain him at some 
future time during the year. On the 13th day of October, 
1827, he was ordained. A petition, requesting Mr. Abraham 
Miller of Tennessee, to be taken under the care of Synod, 
with a view to the ministry, being presented, the request 
was granted. 

Then follows a long list of petitions from three different 
States, praying for ministerial services. Their requests were 
granted as far as possible. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Paul's Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, September 8, 1828. No parochial 
report appears for this session. 

Ni?ith Session. 

Synod convened in its ninth convention, in St. Paul's 
Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 8, 1828, 
and continued till the 13th. 

The ministers were all present, except Revs. Riemen- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 75 

Schneider, Zink, Adam Miller, Sr., and Moretz, and Deacon 
J. N. Stirewalt. These having rendered sufficient reasons 
for their absence, were excused. 

Thirty-four delegates were present. Three applicants, 
preparing for the ministry, — Messrs. George A. Leopold, 
Ephraim Rudisill, and John Huggins, — after examination, 
were received under the care of Synod. 

Rev. David Henkel was unanimously elected secretary, 
with Mr. Ephraim Rudisill as his assistant. 

It was recommended, that the members of the Church, 
who are able to do so, read the Christian Book of Concord, or 
the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
and that students of theology study it carefully. This 
clearly indicates the deep interest which this Synod felt re- 
lative to the true, fundamental doctrines of the Church, and 
how it desired to maintain and perpetuate these sound, 
Scriptural principles. 

As the edition of the English hymn-book, used by 
the Synod, was about exhausted, it was resolved, that it be 
revised and improved, and that Rev. Ambrose Henkel pro- 
vide for another edition, and that he be assisted in this 
work by Revs. Paul Henkel, N. Bonham, G. Easterly, D. 
Henkel, and Adam Miller, Sr. 

With a view to the edification of the members of the 
Church, it was resolved, that an article or a treatise on some 
doctrinal subject be annually printed in connection with 
the Minutes of the Synod, if the matter meet with sufficient 
encouragement. 

This course, it seems, had an excellent effect. It made 
the people better acquainted with the more important doc- 
trines of the Church, and caused them to take more interest 
in its promotion. 

The Secretary, Rev. David Henkel, was requested to 
write a treatise on the subject of Prayer, and that it be 
printed in connection with the proceedings of Synod. This 
was done, and it is worthy of re-publication at this time. 
It covers twenty-three pages. Rev. David Henkel reported 



76 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

that the work which he was requested to prepare on the 
Person and Incarnation of Christ, was completed. 

Twenty-six petitions were received from congregations 
situated in the following States : Virginia, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Tennessee, Indiana, and Ohio, — returning thanks 
for services rendered during the past, and praying for a 
continuation of such services. Arrangements were made 
to supply the petitioners. After examination, David Fores- 
ter was ordained to the office of Pastor. No parochial 
report appears in these Minutes. 

Tenth Session. 

The tenth session was held in Salem Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, from the 7th to the 10th of Sep- 
tember, 1829. 

The following ministers were absent : Revs. Riemen- 
schneider, Bonham, Miller, Sr., Easterly, and Forester, and 
Deacon Costner. Twenty-three delegates were present. 
The absent ministers, having rendered satisfactory reasons 
for absence, were excused. Only eight of the ministers 
presented parochial reports. These were for two years, and 
show that bj T them 1,198 infants, 87 adults, and 31 slaves 
were baptized, and 511 persons were confirmed. 

Twenty-seven petitions from congregations representing 
five States were presented, returning thanks for services 
rendered, and praying for a continuation of similar services. 

Deacon John N. Stirewalt was ordained as pastor. 

The persons, appointed at the last session, to revise, 
amend, and publish the Church hymn-book, having de- 
clined the undertaking of that work, for various reasons, 
Rev. David Henkel was appointed to compile a suitable 
hymn-book, and present the manuscript to some future 
session of Synod for examination. 

Rev. David Henkel was requested to prepare an article 
on Regeneration, and have it published in connection with 
the proceedings of Synod. , 



XXTTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 77 

In view of intervening circumstances which occurred 
since the session of 1827, it was deemed unnecessary to 
publish the pastoral letter, ordered to be published, at 
that session. 

The Secretary was requested to send copies of the 
Minutes of this session to the German Reformed Synod of 
Pennsylvania, which had sent ten copies of its proceedings 
to this Synod, and also to Kast Pennsylvania Synod and 
the Ohio Synod, — each ten copies. 

At his request, Mr. John Huggins, theological stu- 
dent, was placed under the special care of Rev. David 
HenkeL 

On motion of Miles Abernathy, Esq. , the sincere thanks 
of this body were tendered to Dr. Solomon Henkel, of New 
Market, Virginia, for the kindness and liberality manifested 
towards this Synod in printing and publishing its Minutes 
and other matter from time to time. 

Revs, John L. Markert and Nehemiah Bonham were 
appointed to visit all the congregations in connection with 
Synod, and look after their interests, and report to the next 
meeting of Synod. This course, it appears, had a good 
effect on the congregations and ministers. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Cove Creek Church, Green 
County, Tennessee, on the second Sunday of Septem- 
ber, 1830. 

During the first decade the number of ministers, which 
was six, who entered it at its organization, was increased to 
seventeen, and five theological students, — an increase of 
nearly two hundred per cent. During this time one minis- 
ter, Rev. Jacob Zink, died, and the name of one, for good 
and sufficient reasons, was dropped from the clerical roll 
of the Synod. 

The number of baptisms reported, — not more than two- 
thirds of the ministers reported regularly, — was 5,517 infants, 
443 adults, and 205 slaves, — total, 6,165. The number 
confirmed was 1 , 902 . The number of congregations, though 
no regular catalogue of them appears in the Minutes, 



J 8 HISTORY OF THK EVANGEUCAX, 

as near as can be approximated from the applications for 
reception in connection with the Synod, was more than 
thribbled during that period. The labors of the Synod ex- 
tended into nine States, — Tennessee, North Carolina, Ken- 
tucky, Missouri, Virginia, Indiana, South Carolina, Georgia, 
and Ohio, — sowing the seeds of sound Gospel doctrine. 
Perhaps there was no Synod at that time which did as much 
work, in proportion to the number of laborers, as this 
Synod did. 

SECOND DECADE. 

Eleventh Session. 

The eleventh session of this Synod was held in Em- 
manuel Church, Green County, Tennessee, beginning Sep- 
tember 13, 1830. 

It seems, that only four of the pastors, with seventeen 
lay-delegates, were present at this session. The others, 
having rendered satisfactory excuses for their absence, were 
excused. Rev. Philip Henkel was elected secretary. Very 
little business was transacted. Six petitions, four of which 
were from the State of Indiana, were received, praying for 
ministerial services. Their requests were answered as far 
as it was possible to do at that time. Mr. Kusebius Henkel 
was received as a student of theology, and put under the 
special care of his father Rev. Philip Henkel and Rev. 
George Easterly. Synod adjourned to meet in Buehler's 
Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, on the second Sunday 
of September, 1831. 

Twelfth Session. 

The twelfth session of this Synod was held in Buehler's 
Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, commencing Septem- 
ber 12th, and continued to Friday, the 16th, 1831. 

Nine ministers were present, and twenty-five lay-dele- 
gates. The absentees were excused. Rev. Ambrose Henkel 
was elected secretary. The committee on letters and peti- 
tions consisted of Revs. Philip Henkel, Ambrose Henkel, 
and Mr. Irenius N. Henkel. On hearing the sad intelli- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 79 

gence of the death of Rev. David Henkel, the following 
persons were appointed a committee to prepare an obituary 
on his death : Revs. Daniel Moser and Adam Miller, Jr. , 
and Messrs. Philip Rudisill and Henry Goodman. 

The applicants for the ministry were Mr. William C. 
Rankin, of Green County, Tennessee, and Mr. Henry 
Goodman, of Rowan County, North Carolina. 

Petitions asking, that Mr. W. C. Rankin, formerly a 
licentiate of the Presbyterian Church, be ordained to the 
office of Pastor, being submitted, after examination and 
confirmation, Mr. Rankin was ordained to that office. 

Mr. John Huggins, of Lincoln County, North Carolina, 
an applicant for the ministry, applied for license to preach 
and baptize, but as he had no call from congregations to 
that effect, his request was not granted. 

At the request of Mr. John Easterly, a former applicant 
for the ministry, he was placed under the care of Rev. 
Philip Henkel, as a student of theology. 

After examination, Mr. Henry Goodman was ordained 
to the office of Deacon. 

Thirty-three petitions, returning thanks for past serv- 
ices and pra}dng for a continuance of the same, were received, 
and their requests granted. Among these, there were 
several new congregations. 

Rev. Philip Henkel reported that he had organized 
five congregations in Indiana, — the first in Clear Creek 
township, Monroe County ; the second in Beanblossom 
township, Monroe County; the third in Park County; the 
fourth in Whiteriver township, Morgan County, and the 
fifth on Whiteriver Bluff, Johnson County, Indiana. 

The Synod being informed that Greenville College, 
Tennessee, was not under the control of any denomination, 
but a State institution, it was recommended to those who 
wished to take a regular literary course. 

Rev. David Henkel, who had been appointed to com- 
pile a hymn-book, having departed this life, Rev. Ambrose 
Henkel was appointed to attend to that matter, with the privi- 



SO HISTORY OF THE KVANGKLICAL 

lege of selecting such person as he deemed proper to assist 
him ; and so, too, in regard to securing a translation of the 
Augsburg Confession, and submit it to Synod for exami- 
nation. 

The Parochial Report, — only six of the ministers report- 
ing, — shows that during this and the past year 876 infants, 
65 adults, and 37 slaves were baptized, and 320 persons 
were confirmed. 

It was resolved, that the Synod meet, in its next session, 
in or near Organ Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, 
on the second Sunday of September, 1832. 

The committee on obituary, submitted the following, 
which was received, adopted, and ordered to be printed in 
connection with the Minutes: 

Obituary of Rev. David Henkel. — We, the members of the com- 
mittee, appointed to report the particulars relative to the last 
illness, death, &c, of our worthy and highly esteemed brother in 
Christ, the Rev. David Henkel (son of the Rev. Paul Henkel), a 
member of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, beg leave to 
submit the following : 

This much esteemed and venerable fellow-laborer, having finished 
the work assigned him by Divine Providence, departed this life, June 
15, 1 83 1, at 9 o'clock in the morning, to the great grief of his friends 
and relatives ; aged thirty-six years, one month, and eleven days. He 
was born in Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, May 4, 1795. His 
last illness was Dyspepsia, which disabled him from officiating in a 
public capacity for the term of nine months. He bore his afflictions 
with a perfect resignation to the will of his Divine Redeemer. He 
embarked in the cause of his blessed Savior when a youth (A. D. 1812). 
And we are happy to say, to the praise of this worthy servant of Christ, 
that his assiduity and vigilance to study and deep researches into the 
truth of Divine Revelation have seldom been equaled by an}-. He 
remained immovable in the doctrines he promulgated to the end of his 
life. This venerable servant of the Lord had to endure many trials, 
crosses, and temptations, but he maintained his integrity through 
them all, trusting to the promises of his Redeemer ; and notwithstand- 
ing the difficulties he had to encounter, he left a bright example to 
succeeding pilgrims. His ardent desire for the promotion of his Re- 
deemer's Kingdom, and his love of truth, caused him to submit cheer- 
fully to the difficulties connected with his official labors. When on 
his death-bed, being interrogated by his friends, whether he still 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 8 1 

remained steadfast in the doctrines which he had taught, he confidently 
answered in the affirmative. Being again asked, whether he feared 
death, he replied in the negative. The last words which he was heard 
to utter, were : " O Lord Jesus, thou Son of God, receive my spirit I" 
and in a few moments expired. 

He entered into the holy estate of matrimony with Miss Catharine 
Heyl (Hoyle), daughter of Hon. Peter Heyl (Hoyle), of near Lincoln- 
ton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. 

The perishable remains of this worthy brother were followed to 
the grave by his loving companion and seven children, together with 
a numerous train of mourners, who were left, to lament the loss of a 
kind father, an affectionate husband, a- friend and benefactor. The 
body is deposited at St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Caro- 
lina. The funeral sermon was delivered by the Rev. Daniel Moser, 
from Phil, i, 21 — " For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain." 

Lord so teach us to number our days, that we may apply our 
hearts to wisdom ! 

The committee, appointed to draught the obituary notice of the 
Rev. David Henkel, requested the Secretary to add any particulars 
relative to his ministerial labors and writings which he may be able 
to obtain. . ' 

In conformity with the above request, I am enabled, from notes 
made by my lamented brother during his life time and other sources 
of information, to which I have had access, to give the following par- 
ticulars, viz.: 

He commenced his Gospel labors at St. Peter's Church, in South 
Carolina, where he preached his first sermon, November the 1st, 1812, 
from which period up to the time he preached his last sermon at 
Philadelphia Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, on Sunday, 
the 12th of August, 1830, where he administered the Lord's Supper, — 
which concluded upwards of three thousand and two hundred sermons ; 
delivered generally to crowded and attentive congregations. He bap- 
tized two thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven infants, and two 
hundred and forty-three adults, and he confirmed one thousand one 
hundred and five persons. 

During the whole course of his ministry, which was distinguished 
for industry and perseverance, in the cause of his Divine Master, he 
traveled in all seasons, even the most inclement, and frequently 
preached two and three times in a day, in the German and English 
languages. Besides which he maintained an extensive correspondence 
with many individuals, distinguished for piety and learning, and wrote 
the following works : 

His first work, containing a sermon, entitled, "The Essence of 



82 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the Christian Religion, and Reflections on Futurity," was published 
in 1817. 

His second, called "The Carolinian Herald of Liberty, Religious 
and Political," published in 182 1. 

His third, "Objections to the Constitution of the General Synod," 
made its appearance, annexed to the Minutes of the Tennessee Synod, 
held in 1821. 

His fourth, entitled "The Heavenly Flood of Regeneration, or 
Treatise on Holy Baptism," published in 1822. 

His fifth, " An Answer to Joseph Moore," who wrote in opposition 
to the doctrines contained in his Heavenly Flood, published in 1825. 

He then draughted 6thly the Constitution, together with the 
remarks thereon, of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in 
1828 : and annexed to the Minutes of the same year, his Treatise on 
Prayer appeared. 

His seventh, A Translation from the German of Luther's Small 
Catechism, with Preliminary Observations by the translator, published 
in 1829. 

His eighth, "An Essay on Regeneration," published in 1830. 

His ninth, "A Treatise on the Person and Incarnation of Jesus 
Christ, in which some of the principal arguments of the Unitarians are 
examined," which has just left the press. 

Thirteenth Session. 

The thirteenth session of this Synod was held in Phan- 
uel's Church, Rowan County, North Carolina, from the 
tenth to the fifteenth of September, 1832. 

On Saturday and Sunday, the usual services were held. 
Only four ministers were in attendance, and twenty-four 
lay-delegates. None of the absentees, except Rev. Philip 
Henkel and Deacon Costner, having sent in sufficient 
reasons for their absence, were excused for their non- 
attendance. Rev. J. N. Stirewalt was appointed secretary. 

Charges having been preferred, by Rev. N. Bonham 
and others, against Rev. W. C. Rankin, of deviation, from 
the Augsburg Confession of Faith, both in regard to doc- 
trine and practice, Mr. Rankin was notified to attend the 
next session, and answer the charges. 

Twenty-two petitions of the usual import, relative to 
services, &c, were presented, and received such action as 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 83 

they deserved. Among these, there were petitions for the 
examination and ordination of Deacon Henry Goodman. 
Having sustained his examination, he was ordained to the 
office of Pastor. 

The place and time for the next meeting, resulted in 
favor of St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, 
as the place, and the second Sunday of September, 1833, as 
the time. 

The Parochial Report, only five ministers reporting, — 
one, however, Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., for three years, — 
shows 808 infants, 69 adults, and 41 slaves, baptized, and 
253 confirmed. 

Fourteenth Session. 

Pursuant to previous appointment, Synod met in St. 
John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, Monday, 
September 9th, and continued till the 12th, 1833. 

Saturday and Sunday previous were occupied with 
services suitable to these days. 

The ministers, with applicant Eusebius S. Henkel, and 
thirty-three lay-delegates, representing forty-three congre- 
gations, were all present, except Revs. Forester, Bonham, 
Adam Miller, Jr., Moretz, Markert, and Deacon Costner. 

A president and a secretary were elected, — Secretary, 
Rev. Ambrose Henkel. 

In view of satisfactory reasons rendered for absence, all 
the absentees, except Rev. C. Moretz, were excused. 

Relative to the charges preferred against Rev. W. C. 
Rankin by Rev. N. Bonham, at the previous session, Rev. 
Bonham being unable to be present during this meeting, 
and Rev. Rankin desiring to withdraw from this body, in a 
friendly manner, the matter was not investigated, and the 
name of Rev. Rankin was dropped from the clerical roll. 

With respect to the translation of the Augsburg Con- 
fession, which Rev. Ambrose Henkel was requested, at the 
session of 1831, to procure, he submitted to Synod a trans- 
lation, made by his brother Rev. Charles Henkel, of Ohio, 



84 HISTORY OF THK EVANGEUCAI, 

with proof-sheets, for examination. But a press of urgent 
business being before Synod, it could not devote time 
enough for a careful examination. Hence, each member 
having a copy in proof-sheet form, was requested to exam- 
ine it carefully, as soon as possible, and send him such 
suggestions as each deemed proper. 

Twenty-seven petitions from different States were pre- 
sented, classified, and acted on. They expressed satisfaction 
with the services they had received from Synod, and a 
desire for further services. Some of these asked for the 
publication of a good article or a sermon in connection with 
the Minutes, and others, for the ordination of Eusebius S. 
Henkel and Irenius Henkel to the office of Deacon. In 
regard to the latter, as he was absent, no action could be 
taken at this meeting. The former, having sustained his 
examination, was ordained to that office. 

A letter having been received from Mr. Ephraim Con- 
rad, of Wayne County, Missouri, asking to be received 
under the care of Synod, as an applicant for the ministry, 
his request was granted. 

It w T as ordered, that a sermon on the L,ord's Supper, 
translated from the German of Arndt's Postil, be connected 
with the Minutes, and that they be printed in the German 
and English. Frederick Hoke, Esq., of Lincoln County, 
North Carolina, was appointed to contract for the printing 
of the Minutes. 

Rev. Philip Henkel was appointed to prepare the trans- 
lation of the aforesaid sermon. It was resolved, that the 
next session of Synod be held in Rader's Church, Rocking- 
ham County, Virginia, commencing on the second Sunday 
of September, 1834.* 

Rev. Philip Henkel was also requested to prepare for 
publication a Dissertation on the Person of Jesus Christ, as 



*Note). — It appears, that, in consequence of high waters and other 
causes, scarcely any ministers were able to reach the place of meeting ; 
and, hence, no regular session of Synod was held there ; nor were there 
any proceedings printed for that year. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 85 

extant in the Christian Book of Concord, and submit it to 
the next session. 

During the past year, nine ministers reporting, — one 
for several years,— 801 infants, 56 adults, and 17 slaves, were 
baptized, and 399 persons confirmed. 

The death of Rev. Philip Henkel being announced, be- 
fore the Minutes had passed through the press, the follow- 
ing obituary, prepared by the Secretary, was appended to 
the Minutes : 

Obituary of Rev. Philip Henkel. — Before these Minutes could be 
put to press, the sad and heartbreaking news was received, that our 
much beloved brother and fellow-laborer, in the Lord's vineyard, the 
Rev. Philip Henkel, departed this life, October 9, 1833. 

For the satisfaction of his friends and relatives, we subjoin the fol- 
lowing brief account : 

The deceased was a son of the Rev. Paul Henkel, and a fellow- 
ineniber of the Lutheran Tennessee Synod, of which he also was one of 
the first framers. He was born on the 23d September, 1 779, in Pendle- 
ton County, Virginia. 

In early life he imbibed the principles of the Christian religion, 
and in a short time became a zealous defender of the same. In 1800, 
he commenced his Gospel labors in the Lord's vineyard, in whose 
service he continued with undaunted zeal, for 38 years and 3 months, 
during which time he preached upwards of four thousand three hun- 
dred and fifty sermons, of which one hundred and twenty-five were 
funeral sermons. He baptized four thousand one hundred and fifteen 
infants, and three hundred and twenty-five adults ; and confirmed to 
the Christian Church one thousand six hundred and fifty persons. 

At the present session of our Synod, we frequently had the pleasure 
of hearing him proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Here he was also, 
(but alas, for the last time ! ) nominated President of our Synod. And 
after the close of the Synod, he proceeded, in good health, to visit the 
congregations in Guilford and the adjacent counties. After he had 
arrived in Randolph County, North Carolina, he preached in Richland 
Church, on September 21st, from Col. 3, 1-5. (His last sermon on this 
earthly stage ! ) Being invited by a neighboring friend, he retired to 
his house, where he was at the same evening attacked with the bilious 
fever, to which, after a short illness, he fell a victim. He departed this 
life on Wednesday, the 9th of October, 1833. On the day following, he 
was buried at Richland Church. 

His earthly abode was 54 years and 17 days. A short time before 
he expired, he said : " If it is the will of the Lord, to take me to rest, 



86 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

I am willing." And then repeated the following lines (which also 
were the last words that were heard from his lips) : 
" Christ is my life alone, 

To die is gain for me ; 

I give myself to be his own : 

O may I ever with him be." 

Fifteenth Session. 

Synod met in its fifteenth session, in Blue Spring; 
Church, Green County, Tennessee, on September 14th, and 
continued to the 17th, 1835. 

Appropriate services were held on Saturday and Sun- 
day previous, and the Lord's Supper administered to a large 
number of devout communicants. 

About one-half of the ministers, with five applicants 
for the ministry, — Messrs. Daniel L. Schoolfield, Henry 
Wetzel, Christian G. Reitzel, Samuel C. Parmer, and Wm. 
Hancher, — and twenty lay-delegates, representing twenty- 
nine congregations, were present. 

After the election of a president, Rev. Adam Miller was 
appointed secretary. 

The Minutes of 1833 were read, as well as a printed 
letter from Rev. A. Henkel, in which he informed Synod, 
that very few members had attended the appointment for the 
meeting of Synod in Rader's Church, Rockingham County, 
Virginia, in 1834, and that consequently very little business 
was transacted, except the reading of the letters addressed 
to Synod, which letters were left in his care, to be forwarded 
to the next meeting of Synod. The usual committees were 
appointed. The absentees, on proper reasons, were excused 
for their non-attendance. - 

A letter was received from Rev. Kusebius S. Henkel, 
of Indiana, that they intend to organize a Synod in that 
State, — -a move which this Synod heartily approved, asking 
the blessing of God to rest upon their labors. 

A large number of petitions, expressing thanks for serv- 
ices received, asking the blessing of God on the work of 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 87 

tlie Synod, requesting a continuance of services, suggesting 
that suitable articles be appended to the Minutes, &c, were 
received, and properly acted upon. 

Among these is a petition from Wythe, Smyth, and 
Washington Counties, Virginia, in which the petitioners 
state their withdrawal from the North Carolina Synod, 
together with their pastor, Rev. Andrew Sechrist, whose 
name, for sufficient reasons, had been dropped from the 
clerical roll of this Synod, and desire to be received with 
their pastor into this Synod. Rev. Sechrist, having con- 
fessed, that experience had taught him, that, in withdraw- 
ing from S3mod, he had committed an error, for which he 
was sorry, and solemnly pledged himself to teach and prac- 
tice according to the Holy Scriptures and the Augsburg 
Confession of Faith, he and his congregations were received 
in connection with Synod. 

Rev. Ambrose Henkel submitted sufficient reasons for 
the delay in regard to the publication of the Church hymn- 
book. 

Messrs. C. G. Reitzel and D. S. Schoolfield were ex- 
amined with respect to their qualifications. 

Rev. A. Henkel was respectfully requested to complete 
the hymn-book as soon as practicable. v 

There being a great demand for books, and especially 
for English Catechisms, the Secretary was requested to 
write to Dr. Solomon Henkel, New Market, Virginia, rela- 
tive to that matter, calling for catechisms and other useful 
books. 

Rev. Philip Henkel, who was requested to prepare a 
translation from the Christian Book of Concord, on the 
Person of Christ, and submit it to this meeting of Synod for 
examination and publication, having departed this life, the 
translation was made by the Secretary, assisted by Mr. J. 
R. Moser, as it appears in connection with the Minutes of 
this session. 

In regard to publications, the Synod took the following 
action : 



88 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

Inasmuch as* this body deem it highly important that 
the writings of the late Rev. David Henkel be printed and 
bound, so that they may be handed down to future genera- 
tions, be it resolved, that the Secretary be directed to corre- 
spond with Dr. Solomon Henkel relative to this matter, and 
report the result of his correspondence to the next meeting 
of Synod. 

The following applicants, Messrs. Hancher, Reitzel, 
Schoolfield, and Parmer, having sustained their examina- 
tions, were ordained to the office of Deacon. 

Philadelphia Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, 
was chosen as the place for the next meeting of Synod, and 
the second Sunday of September, 1836, as the time. 

The Parochial Report shows that 1 130 infants, 63 adults, 
and 41 slaves were baptized, and 515 persons confirmed. 

After the close of the Synod, the Secretary received a 
letter directed to Synod, by Rev. John L. Markert, of 
Indiana, written by order of and in the name of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Synod of Indiana, in which he states, that 
the suffering condition of the Church in the West, pressed 
upon them from all directions, to adopt some plan to with- 
stand the enemy. For this purpose councils were held and 
propositions made, and the final result was the organization 
of a synod. A meeting was held in Johnson County/ Indi- 
ana, on the third Sunday of August, 1835, and after/ proper 
consultation, the Constitution of the Tennessee Synod was 
received and adopted, and the organization effected. In 
that letter, they entreat their brethren of the Tennessee 
Synod not to consider this course as an intention to sepa- 
rate from them, but as a means of strengthening the same 
cause. 

The ministers of the Tennessee Synod who effected 
that organization, were Revs. J. L. Markert, Christian 
Moretz, and Kusebius S. Henkel. 

Sixteenth Session. 
This session was held in Philadelphia Church, Lincoln 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 89 

County, North Carolina, beginning on the 12th and closing 
on the 1 6th of September, 1836. 

On Saturday and Sunday previous appropriate services 
were conducted and suitable sermons preached, both in the 
German and English languages, and the Lord's Supper 
administered to 240 communicants. 

Only about one-half of the ministers, with four appli- 
cants and twenty-seven lay-delegates, were present. 

The applicants were Messrs. Henry Wetzel, from 
Wythe County, Virginia, Abel J. Brown, Jacob Killian, 
and Jonathan R. Moser, Lincoln County, North Carolina. 

After the election of a president, Mr. J. R. Moser was 
appointed secretary. Very few of the absentees were ex- 
cused, and a resolution passed urging the ministers to be 
more faithful and regular in attending the meetings of 
Synod. Mr. George Wetzel, of Wythe County, Virginia, 
was admitted to a seat and vote in Synod. The Secretary 
of the previous session, appointed to correspond with Dr. 
Solomon Henkel relative to supplying the books desired by 
Synod for circulation, reported rather favorably. An agent 
to attend to this matter was appointed. The books mostly 
in demand just at that time were David Henkel on the 
Person and Incarnation of Christ, his Answer to Joseph 
Moore, and the English Catechism. 

A letter having been received from Mr. Jonah Hottel, 
Esq., of Wythe County, Virginia, in which charges were 
preferred against Rev. Andrew Sechrist, and the latter 
having received no previous notice of such preferment, so 
as to enable him to prepare for defending himself against 
these charges, the matter was deferred, for investigation, 
till the next meeting, Mr. Sechrist agreeing to cease his 
ministerial work till the case shall have been adjusted. 
Notwithstanding this fraternal course on the part of the 
Synod, it seems, Mr. Sechrist absented himself from further 
attendance during this session of Synod, without leave. 
For this course of conduct he was censured by the Synod. 

Mr. Solomon S. Miles, of Lancaster District, South 



90 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Carolina, having appeared in the presence of Synod, and 
stated his intention of re-publishing Luther's Commentary 
on Galatians, in the English language, the Synod recom- 
mended the work and encouraged Mr. Miles in this enterprise. 
The usual petitions received proper attention. The peti- 
tion for the examination and ordination of deacons S. C. 
Parmer and William Hancher to the office of Pastor, and 
applicants Abel J. Brown, Jacob Killian, and Jonathan R. 
Moser to the office of Deacon, were taken into consideration. 
These candidates for the ministry having sustained favora- 
ble examinations, were regularly ordained to the offices 
indicated in the petitions, except Mr. Parmer who was ab- 
sent, and consequent^ could not submit to the requirements 
necessary for ordination. Mr. H. Wetzel was continued as 
a student of theology. 

It was resolved, that the Minutes be printed in German 
and English, and that a sermon of Luther's be appended. 
The agent was requested to send copies of the Minutes to 
the recent Indiana Synod. Only four ministers reporting, 
the Parochial Report shows 490 infants, 20 adults, and 14 
slaves baptized, and 113 confirmed. The death of Rev. 
John N. Stirewalt being announced, it was resolved, that a 
suitable obituary notice be prepared and appended to the 
Minutes. But it appears that for the want of proper infor- 
mation relative to Mr. Stirewalt, the publication of the 
obituary was delayed till the next session. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Koiner's Church, Augusta 
County, Virginia, on the second Sunday in September, 1837. 

Seven teen th Session . 

According to adjournment, Synod convened in Koiner's 
Church, Augusta County, Virginia, on Monday, the nth of 
September, and continued its sessions to the 15th, 1837. 

Saturday and Sunday were devoted to religious services, 
preaching, confession and absolution, and the dispensation 
of the Lord's Supper. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE) SYNOD. 9 1 

On Monday, the Synod was organized, by the election 
of a president and Rev. J. R. Moser as secretary. 

Rev. John J.*Riemenschneider, a member of the Ohio 
Synod, being present, was received as an advisory member 
of Synod. Mr. Peter Wetzel was taken under the care of 
Synod as a student of theology. A part of the absentees 
were excused. 

A letter having been received from Rev. Andrew Se- 
christ, assigning reasons for his absence, but making no refer- 
ence to the charges preferred against him, at the previous 
session, it was deemed proper to appoint a committee to take 
into consideration his case and report to Synod. The com- 
mittee consisted of Revs. William Hancher and D. S. School- 
field, and Mr. Jacob Stirewalt. 

After due consideration, this committee submitted the 
following report : Whereas, at the last session of this Synod, 
serious charges were preferred against Rev. Andrew Se- 
christ, and whereas he was notified by Synod to appear at 
this meeting and defend himself against these charges, and 
whereas he has failed to appear in person, or to write any- 
thing in justification of his course, and whereas the charges 
are of such a nature as to disparage the ministerial office, 
we, 3'our committee, recommend, that he be no longer re- 
garded as a minister in connection with this Synod. This 
report was received and adopted. 

The petitions, numbering thirty-four, of the usual 
character, received proper attention. Among these, there 
was a petition from Probst Church, Pendleton County, Vir- 
ginia, now W T est Virginia, asking to be received by Synod, 
and recommending Mr. A. S. Link as a suitable person for 
the ministry ; and other petitions asking for the examina- 
tion and ordination of candidates for the ministry. 

Rev. Ambrose Henkel, who had been appointed, by 
Synod, to compile and prepare matter for an English hymn- 
book, and submit the manuscript to Synod for examination, 
presented the copy. A committee, consisting of Revs. HL 
Goodman and Wm. Hancher, and Messrs. Wm. Wolford, 



92 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

K. Leineberger, and Peter Wetzel, were appointed for that 
purpose. After careful examination, the committee sub- 
mitted a favorable report, suggesting, thaf if any of the mem- 
bers of Synod desired to examine the work more thoroughly, 
they might do so, and report any desirable changes to the 
compiler. The report was adopted. 

Relative to a letter received from Rev. Adam Miller, 
Jr., in regard to the Augsburg Confession, it was resolved, 
that Dr. Solomon Henkel correspond with Rev. Miller with 
respect to that matter. 

According to resolution, the proceedings of this meet- 
ing were to be printed both in German and English, and 
a copy sent to each of the ministers of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Indiana Synod. 

Having sustained a favorable examination, deacons D. 
S. Schoolfield, Abel J. Brown, Jacob Killian, and Jonathan 
R. Moser were ordained as pastors, and applicants Henry 
Wetzel, A. S. Link, Jacob Stirewalt, and Alfred J. Fox as 
deacons. 

During this session, as far as reported, 817 infants, 24 
adults, and 13 slaves were baptized, and 291 were confirmed. 

As the obituary notice of the death of Rev. John N. 
Stirewalt was not received in time to be inserted in the 
proceedings of the session of 1836, it was ordered to be 
printed in connection with the Minutes of this session. 

Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, was 
agreed upon as the place for the next meeting of Synod, 
and the second Sunday in September, 1838, as the time. 

Obituary of Rev. John N. Stirewalt. — It is with feelings of deep 
sorrow that we record the death of our worthy and beloved co-laborer, 
Rev. John N. Stirewalt, a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Ten- 
nessee Synod. He departed this life, August 13, 1836, in Rowan 
County, North Carolina ; aged 34 years and 6 days. He died of lung 
disease, with which he was afflicted a number of years. 

The Lord, in whose hands stand the death and life of man, saw fit 
to remove this useful laborer in his Vineyard from time into eternity. 

At an early age, he was instructed, by his parents, in the rudi- 
ments of the Christian religion, and after he had completed his literary 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 93 

and classical course of study, he entered the ministry, in the year 1827, 
and was ordained to the office of Pastor, August 10, 1829, during the 
Synod held in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina. 

He was an earnest and zealous teacher of the principles of religion, 
fearlessly proclaiming the everlasting Gospel eight years and ten 
months, with great joy and zeal. During this period he dispensed the 
bread of life ; and, notwithstanding his sickness, he made known the 
saving Gospel of the crucified Savior, with efficiency, to many who 
had been deprived of it, both hi his native State and in adjoining States. 

In view of his fidelity to the end of his days, we trust, in yonder, 
glorious day, he is crowned with an unchangeable crown, and clothed 
with immortality. During his sickness he frequently admonished his 
friends and visitors to continue steadfast in the doctrines he had taught 
them, and shortly before his departure he said : I hope that God the 
Father, through Christ, may be merciful to me and all others, saying 
I hope and trust to die in the same faith I taught others, exclaiming, 
God help us all. Amen. 

After the cold hand of death had closed his eyes, his body was 
placed in the silent grave at Sewitzen Church, Rowan County, North 
Carolina, to await the resurrection morning. Rev. Daniel Moser 
rendered the funeral services, and preached a sermon from Phil. 
1, 21-23. 

As the deceased had intended to move to Virginia, his family, 
consisting of his wife and four children, soon after his death took 
their departure, and located on a farm which he had previously pur- 
chased, adjoining the corporate limits of the town of New Market, 
Shenandoah County, Virginia. — Jonathan R. Moser, Secretary of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. 

Eighteenth Session^ 

In pursuance of previous appointment, Synod assem- 
bled in Salem Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, 
September 8, 1838. 

Saturday and Sunday were spent in worship, preaching, 
and communion services. 

About two-thirds of the ministers, with thirty-three 
lay-delegates and two applicants, Mr. Peter Wetzel and Mr. 
Banks McRee, were present. 

After the election of a president, Rev. Abel J. Brown 
was appointed secretary. 

After the usual routine business relative to petitions, 



94 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

returning thanks for services rendered, asking for services 
and ordinations, making suggestions, &c, had received 
proper attention, deacons Alfred J. Fox and Jjicob Stirewalt 
were examined with respect to their qualifications for the 
ministry, and proving themselves worthy and qualified to 
bear that office, they were solemnly ordained as pastors. 

The Secretary submitted the following preamble and 
resolutions : 

"Whereas, repeated, unfair measures have recently 
been taken by the Synod of South Carolina, for the purpose 
of bringing into disrepute the Evangelical Lutheran Ten- 
nessee Synod ; and more especially by the remarks contained 
in a sermon delivered during her last session by Rev. John 
Bachman, D. D. ; which was published by her sanction and 
under her immediate patronage ; which sermon (if its perni- 
cious influence be not counteracted) is well calculated to 
make a wrong and an unfavorable impression on the minds 
of persons otherwise honestly disposed, and to render our 
Synod, her doctrines, and her ministers the objects of con- 
tempt, of ridicule, and of incessant and unmitigating 
persecution ; and believing as we do, that we stand on the 
primitive basis of the Lutheran Church, and that the doc- 
trines of the glorious and ever memorable Reformation, 
effected through the special instrumentality of the illustrious 
Saxon Reformer, Dr. Martin Luther, and his immortal co- 
adjutors, are perfectly compatible with the Word of God, 
which we acknowledge to be the only infallible rule of faith 
and practice ; be it therefore resolved, 

i. That we consider the proceedings of the South 
Carolina Synod toward us as uncourteous, ungenerous, un- 
fair, and uncharitable ; 

2. That we regard the allegations contained in Dr. 
Bachman' s sermon as being without the least shadow of 
foundation or slightest approximation to truth, and nothing 
but base calumny, and calculated to disparage our Synod." 

Resolved, that the foregoing preamble and resolutions 
be adopted. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 95 

On motion, it was unanimously resolved, that the 
Secretary and Rev. A. Miller, Jr., be requested to write and 
publish a vindication of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennes- 
see Synod, in reply to Dr. Bachman's sermon. 

' ' Inasmuch as this body has been informed that the 
Synod of Virginia, during her last session, entered a reso- 
lution in the Minutes of her proceedings, stating that she 
did 'not recognize the members of the Tennessee Conference 
as Evangelical Lutheran ministers,' be it 

Resolved, that the Secretary correspond with the presi- 
dent of the Virginia Synod, to ascertain what are the 
reasons why she does not recognize the members of our 
Synod as Evangelical Lutheran ministers." 

The Synod recommended the Treatise on the Person 
and Incarnation of Christ, written by Rev. David Henkel, 
and informed the brethren that the Church hymn-book, 
prepared by Rev. Ambrose Henkel, by order of Synod, is 
now published, and may be obtained any time by applying 
to the publisher, Dr. Solomon Henkel, New Market, Shen- 
andoah County, Virginia. 

Revs. Ambrose Henkel, Jacob Killian, and Jacob Stire- 
walt were requested to prepare a liturgy for the use of the 
Church, and lay it before Synod at its next session for 
examination. 

The number of baptisms and confirmations, as far as 
reported, is 480 infants, 7 adults, 42 slaves, and 93 con- 
firmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Emmanuel's Church, 
Sullivan County, Tennessee, on the second Sunday of 
September, 1839. 

After the close of Synod, the Secretary received a letter 
from Rev. Ephraim R. Conrad, a member of the Indiana 
Synod, calling attention to the condition of the Church in 
Missouri, the State in which he resided, and praying Synod 
to send to their assistance Rev. J. R. Moser, or Rev. A. J. 
Brown, or some other minister of our Synod. The Secretary 
recommended special attention to be given to that request. 



96 HISTORY OF THE EV ANGELIC AI, 

Nineteenth Session. 

Pursuant to resolution of the last session, Synod con- 
vened in Emmanuel Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee^ 
September, 1839. Saturday and Sunday were devoted to 
the services usual on such occasions. 

After the appointment of a president, Rev. A. J. Brown 
was elected secretary. The usual committees were ap- 
pointed. The ordinary business received proper attention. 

In regard to Rev. Adam S. Link, it was resolved, that 
inasmuch as he has failed to write to Synod, absented him- 
self from it, and united with the Ohio Synod, he be no 
longer regarded as a member of this Synod, and that his 
name be dropped from the clerical roll. 

Rev. Christian Moretz, a member of the Indiana Synod, 
being present, was invited to a seat in the Synod, with all 
the rights and privileges of a member. He responded in a 
most happy and affectionate manner, giving a brief state- 
ment of what was being done in the Synod he represented, for 
the cause of the Church, and asking the blessing of God on 
the labors of the brethren of the Tennessee Synod, of which 
he had been a member, and from which he so much regret- 
ted that duty required him to take his leave. 

With respect to the appointment of a committee, at the 
previous session, consisting of Revs. A. J. Brown and A. 
Miller, Jr. , to write a reply to statements which appeared 
in a sermon delivered by Rev. Dr. Bachman, of Charleston, 
South Carolina, in opposition to this Synod, and have it 
printed, it appeared that the committee had complied with 
the request, and that a large number of copies of the work 
had been circulated. The Synod approved of the manner 
in which the charges were refuted, and tendered its thanks 
to the committee for their prompt and able defence of Synod 
against the declarations made in that sermon. 

Rev. A. J. Brown, having been appointed, at the pre- 
vious session, to write to the Virginia Synod, to show cause 
why it could not recognize the members of the Tennessee 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 97 

Synod as Evangelical Lutherans, stated, that he had written 
a kind, brotherly, Christian letter to the President of that 
Synod, Rev. J. B. Davis, asking the reasons why his Synod 
could not recognize the members of the Tennessee Synod 
as Evangelical Lutherans, but had received no reply, for 
reasons he knew not. In view of this fact, he asked, that a 
copy of the letter he wrote be appended to the Minutes, so 
that the unprejudiced public might have all the necessary 
light in regard to the matter. His request was granted. 

Rev. Jacob Killian then presented a copy of the pro- 
ceedings of the last meeting of that Synod to this Synod, 
which shows the action of that Synod towards this Synod, 
in justification of its previous resolution, and the reasons 
why the President of the former did not reply to the Secre- 
tary of the latter. 

A committee of four, Revs. Hancher, Killian, Wetzel, 
and Brown, were appointed to prepare a reply to this action 
of the Virginia Synod, and submit it to Synod. At the 
proper time the reply, which was clear, forcible, and con- 
vincing, was submitted and adopted. 

The committee, which had been appointed at the pre- 
vious session, to prepare a liturgy for the use of the Church, 
submitted the manuscript copy for examination. A com- 
mittee, consisting of Revs. A. Miller, Jr., H. Goodman, and 
G. Easterly, Messrs. A. W. Abernathy, D. Siegle, and G. 
Burkhart, were appointed to examine the manuscript. After 
a careful examination, they submitted a very favorable re- 
port, approving the work. The report was received. 

The death of Rev. Daniel Moser being announced, the 
Synod passed the following resolutions : 

1. That we deeply sympathize with the family in their 
sad and irreparable loss of an affectionate husband and a 
kind father. 

2. That Rev. Adam Miller prepare a brief obituary 
notice of the life and labors of the said Moser, and publish 
it in connection with the Minutes of this Synod. 

The number of baptisms and confirmations this synod- 



9& HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

ical year, according to the report, which is not full, is 672 
infants, 74 adults, 25 slaves, and 348 confirmed. 

The time and place agreed upon for the next meeting, 
were Pilgrims' Church, Davidson County, North Carolina, 
and the second Sunday of September, 1840. 

Obituary of Rev. Daniel Moser. — On the nth day of July, 1839, 
our worthy and highly esteemed friend and co-laborer in the vineyard 
of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, Rev. Daniel Moser departed this 
life, in Lincoln, now Catawba, County, North Carolina ; aged 49 years, 
2 months, and 3 days. 

On the 8th day of May, 1790, he was born of Christian parents, in 
Orange County, North Carolina, and, in his infancy, was baptized by 
Rev. Henry Barnhardt. On the 3d day of October, 1808, he was con- 
firmed, by Revs. John L. Markert and Philip Henkel to the Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Church, in Lauen Church, Guilford County, North Caro- 
lina. He entered the ministry in the year 1812, and was ordained to 
the office of Pastor in the year 1820, during the Synod which met, in 
that year, in the Evangelical Lutheran Church, in Lincolnton, North 
Carolina. 

In this office, he maintained honor, dignity, and firmness, adher- 
ing closely to the Gospel of our Divine Redeemer, and gave diligence 
in serving God, and leading an upright life and irreproachable conduct, 
in his labors, rightly dividing the word of truth. 

As a preacher, it may be said with truth, that he was firm in the 
faith, and worthy of his vocation ; as a husband, he was kind and affec- 
tionate ; as a father, pleasant and instructive ; as a citizen, he was 
friendly and liberal ; and, in a word, his whole life was irreproachable, 
as far as it is possible for that of man to be. Well may it be said, that 
in his death the community, in which he lived, was deprived of one of 
its best members, and sustained an irreparable loss. Yet we must bow 
to the will of our heavenly Father, and exclaim : He is the Lord ; he 
doth what seemeth good in his sight. 

Brother Moser labored in the gospel ministry about twenty-seven 
years. During this period he preached 1,943 sermons, baptized 2,450 
persons, and confirmed 821. He preached his last sermon in St. Peter's 
Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, on the 30th day of June, 
1839, on Matt. 28, 20: "Teaching them to observe all things whatso- 
ever I have commanded you," &c. 

His last sickness was paralysis. He was found about a mile and 
a-half from his residence, sitting at the road. His right side was en- 
tirely paralyzed. When he was found he was speechless, and remained 
so till his end, which took place on the seventh day of the attack. 
Consequently, he was deprived of the power to speak to his relatives 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 99 

and neighbors, which they so much regretted. Yet, we have reason to 
believe that, in view of his well grounded hope, he was fully assured of 
his gracious acceptance. His earthly remains were interred in the 
grave-yard at St. John's Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina. 
His funeral services Were rendered and a sermon was preached on the 
occasion by the writer of this notice, from 2 Tim. 4, 7, 8 : "I have 
fought a good fight," &c. Rev. A. J. Brown then followed with im- 
pressive and pertinent remarks, suited to the sad and solemn occasion. 
In conclusion we add, "Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord 
from henceforth ; yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their 
labors, and their works do follow them." — Adam Milder. 

Twentieth Session. 

This session was held in Pilgrims' Church, Davidson 
County, North Carolina, from Monday the 14th to Wednes- 
day the 1 6th of September, 1840. 

During this session thirty-one petitions, of the usual 
import, were submitted to Synod, and received proper 
attention. 

Among these is a petition from a number of Lutherans 
of South Carolina, in which they state, that they formerly 
belonged to the South Carolina Synod, but as that Synod 
had deviated from the doctrines and usages of the Church, 
and introduced innovations, run into fanaticism, &c; and 
that, from what they had heard and read, they were satis- 
fied that the Tennessee Synod adhered to the true doctrines 
and usages of the Church ; hence, as their pastor, Rev. 
Godfrey Dreher, had more labor to perform than he could 
endure, they entreated Synod to send some suitable minis- 
ter to assist him in his arduous labors. Synod resolved 
that Rev. A. J. Brown visit these petitioners. 

Applicants Messrs. J. Rhodes and J. W. Hull, having 
declined to submit to an examination with a view to ordi- 
nation to the office of Deacon, were continued under the 
care of the Synod. 

Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, one of the committee to compile 
and publish a suitable liturgy, reported, that the work is 



IOO HISTORY OF THK KV ANGKLICAI, 

now passing through the press, and will soon be ready for 
circulation. 

The practicability and expediency of publishing a re- 
ligious periodical within the bounds of Synod, were con- 
sidered. The matter met with favor, but it was deferred for 
future consideration. 

Revs. Miller, Brown, and Moserwere appointed to select 
or prepare a suitable article to be printed in connection with 
the Minutes. A few remarks on the Instruction of Youth, 
together with Luther's Preface to his Large Catechism, were 
selected and prepared by the committee. 

During this synodical year, as far as reported, 616 in- 
fants, 3 adults, and 20 slaves were baptized, and 240 con- 
firmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Rader's Church, Rocking- 
ham County, Virginia, on the second Sunday of September, 
1 841. 

During this decade, there were 12 applicants for the 
ministry, 17 ordinations, including those to the office of Dea- 
con, and 2 deaths of ministers, and 6,690 infants, 408 adults, 
and 250 slaves baptized, and 2,569 persons confirmed. Un- 
fortunately-, the parochial reports are not full. Probably 
not more than three-fourths of the ministers presented 
reports. 

THIRD DECADE. 

Twenty-first Session. 

This session of Synod convened in Rader's Church, 
Rockingham County, Virginia, September 13, 1841. 

Saturday and Sunday previous were occupied, as usual 
on such occasions, with devotional services, preaching, and 
communion. 

After the appointment of a president, Rev. A. J. Brown 
was elected secretary. The usual committees were ap- 
pointed. The petitions and papers designed for Synod, 
were received, and placed in the hands of the committees, 
whose reports received proper attention. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. rot 

With respect to a petition from Mill Creek Church, 
Hardy County, Virginia, now West Virginia, asking to be 
received in connection with the Synod, and to be supplied 
with the ministrations of the Gospel, the request of the 
petitioners was granted. 

Relative to a petition from New Market, Virginia, and 
one from Koiner's Church, Virginia, the committee reported 
as follows : 

"No. 21 is a petition from members of our church in 
New Market, Virginia, in which the petitioners request our 
Synod to give an expression of its sentiments in reference 
to 'New Measures;' — the union of all the different denomi- 
nations into one great body as recommended in the ' ' Fra- 
ternal Appeal to the American Churches ;" — the celebration 
of the Centenary of Lutheranism, as recommended by the 
General Synod at its last session ; — also, that we do some- 
thing in reference to the denunciation of our Synod, by the 
General Synod in 1839, and its recent proceedings in refer- 
ence to our Synod ; — and that we again express our opinion 
of the General Synod. 

No. 22 is a petition from Koiner's Church, Augusta 
County, Virginia, of nearly the same import." 

In regard to this matter, the following action was taken : 

"The subject of 'New Measures' was now taken up, 
and, after considerable discussion, it was unanimously 

Resolved, That we decidedly disapprove the new meas- 
ures which have been introduced into the Lutheran Church 
by modern enthusiasts, believing that they are contrary to 
the Word of God, the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession 
of Faith, the Symbolical Books of the Lutheran Church, 
and her usages in her purest and best ages, and calculated 
to sow the seed of discord among her members. ' ' 

"The subject of a general union of all the different de- 
nomijiations into one great body, was then taken up, and, 
after considerable discussion, it was 

Resolved, That inasmuch as the Church of Christ is a 
collection of all true believers, and is not now, nor never 



102 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

was divided, and as it is impossible for different and con- 
flicting doctrines all to be in accordance with the Word of 
God, and a Christian union of the different denominations 
to be effected without a unanimity of sentiments, and as 
professors greatly differ in their religious sentiments and 
modes of church government, the union of all the different 
denominations into one great body, is impracticable and 
inexpedient ; and if effected, instead of promoting, would 
prove detrimental to the true interest of the Redeemer's 
Kingdom, and endanger the civil and religious liberties of 
our happy country. 

In, reference to the General Synod and its proceedings 
towards our Synod, it was 

Resolved, That whereas the General Synod has fre- 
quently denounced the Tennessee Synod as an anti-Lutheran 
and an an ti- Christian body, both in its doctrines and prac- 
tices, and some of its members have recently made system- 
atic efforts to have our Synod recognized as an Evangelical 
Lutheran body, and have expressed a desire to bring it into 
connection and co-operation with the General Synod, and 
have been violently opposed in this by others of its mem- 
bers ; be it therefore 

i. Resolved, That with us it is a matter of but little 
importance whether that body recognizes our Synod as an 
Evangelical Lutheran Synod or not, inasmuch as our ortho- 
doxy and existence as a Lutheran body, in no wise, depend 
on its decisions. 

2. Resolved, That we cannot recognize the General 
Synod as an Evangelical Lutheran body, inasmuch as it 
has departed from the primitive doctrines and usages of the 
Lutheran Church. 

3. Resolved, That under existing circumstances we feel 
no disposition to unite with the General Synod, and never 
can unite with it, unless it return to the primitive doctrines 
and usages of the Lutheran Church. 

4. Resolved, That Rev. A. J. Brown be appointed to 
draw up our objections to the General Synod, and show 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 103 

from its own publications wherein that body has departed 
from the doctrines and usages of the Lutheran Church ; 
and submit his manuscript to our Synod at its next session 
for examination, and if approved, it be printed. 

The celebration of the Centenary of IyUtheranism in 
'the United States, as recommended by the General Synod, 
at its last session, was then taken up, and, after a short 
discussion, it was unanimously 

Resolved, That whereas the General Synod, at its last 
session, recommended the celebration of the Centenary of 
Lutheranism in the United States, and have not only called 
upon those Synods connected with it, but all other Lutheran 
Synods, to unite with and aid them in this celebration by 
their contributions to raise $150,000 to endow their literary 
and other institutions ; and whereas our Synod has been 
asked to express its opinion in reference to this subject, be it 

Resolved, That we decidedly disapprove the proposed 
centenary celebration, and will discountenance it by refusing 
to unite in it, and by withholding our contributions to raise 
the proposed sum." 

In reference to the petitions, requesting the examina- 
tion and ordination of Messrs. J. Rhodes and J. W. Hull to 
the office of Deacon, it was resolved, that, in the absence of 
these persons, the request cannot be complied with at this 
time. 

With regard to the petitions, requesting the examina- 
tion of Deacons C. G. Reitzel and H. Wetzel, relative to 
their qualifications for the office of Pastor, the request was 
granted, and the ordinations conferred. 

On application, Mr. Denis D. Swaney, of New Market, 
Virginia, was received under the care of Synod, as a student 
of theology. 

In reference to the action of Synod, during its previous 
session, concerning the establishment of a religious journal, 
the following action was taken : 

"Resolved, That we have no doubt that the publication 
of a religious periodical, within the bounds of our Synod, if 



r04 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

devoted principally to the publication of correct translations 
from the writings of Luther, and conducted by some one of 
our pastors, who would take upon himself the responsibility 
of the task, would be of lasting utility in the Church ; but, 
that the Synod does not feel willing to take upon itself the 
responsibility of such a publication. We have reason to be- 
lieve, that such a publication, as long as conducted accord- 
ing to the acknowledged Symbols of the Lutheran Church, 
would meet with general encouragement among our brethren ;. 
but whether such a work could be sustained, could not well 
be ascertained before the next Synod ; therefore, 

Resolved, That we recommend subscriptions to be taken 
up in our congregations, to ascertain what number of sub- 
scribers can be procured/' 

According to the Parochial Report, 461 infants and 15 
adults were baptized, and 155 were confirmed. 

Concerning the action of Synod at its session, taken re- 
lative to reports circulated about Rev. D. S. Schoolfield, the 
committee reported the following : "In reference to the case 
of the Rev. D. S. Schoolfield, we are happy to state, for the 
satisfaction of our brethren, that we have received a letter 
from the Rev. Wm. Hancher, in which he informs us, that 
the charges against Mr. Schoolfield were legally investigated 
by the congregation in which it was said they had occurred, 
and that he was honorably acquitted. ' ' 

Synod adjourned to meet in Trinity Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, on the second Sunday of Septem- 
ber, 1842. 

Twenty- second Session. 

The twenty-second session of Synod was held in Trinity 
Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, commencing on 
the 12th and closing on the 16th of September, 1842. 

Saturday and Sunday previous were occupied as usual 
on such occasions. 

This meeting was well represented, there being present 
13 ministers, 4 applicants, and 37 lay-delegates, representing 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 105 

42 congregations. After the appointment of a president, 
Rev. A. J. Brown was elected as secretary. The routine 
business was transacted in the regular manner. 

St. John's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, on ap- 
plication, was received into Synod. 

Rev. A. J. Brown, who was appointed to prepare for 
publication the Objections to the General Synod of the 
United States, and submit his work to Synod for examina- 
tion, stated, that, on account of intervening circumstances, 
he had not been able to complete the work, but that he 
would be able soon so to do. He then submitted the manu- 
script as far as he had finished it. A committee was ap- 
pointed to examine it. The report of the committee was 
quite favorable. Another committee was appointed to 
examine the other portion of the work as soon as it could 
be finished, and if the work be approved, it should be pub- 
lished. 

Three applicants, Messrs. Polycarp C. Henkel, Jesse 
R. Peterson, and Jacob M. Shaver (Schaeffer), were received 
under the care of Synod. 

Revs. J. R. Moser and C. G. Reitzel and Mr. P. C. 
Henkel were appointed to select and prepare a suitable 
article to be printed in connection with the Minutes. They 
selected an article on Good Works, from the Christian Book 
of Concord. It appears in connection with the Minutes. 

Mr. Denis D. Swaney was ordained to the office of 
Deacon. 

At a called session, held in St. Paul's Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, December 13, 1841, it seems, 
applicants John Rhodes and Joel W. Hull were ordained to 
the office of Deacon. 

The death of Deacon -John Rhodes having been an- 
nounced, it was resolved, that Rev. A. Miller prepare a 
suitable obituary, and have it appended to the Minutes. 

During this synodical year, 739 infants, 49 adults, and 
1 slave were baptized, and 505 persons were confirmed. 
Synod adjourned to meet in St. James' Church, Green 



106 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

County, Tennessee, on the first Sunday in October, 1843. 

Obituary of Rev. John Rhodes. — Departed this mortal life, on the 
3d of September, 1842, the Rev. John Rhodes ; aged 22 years and 14 days. 

This amiable and interesting young man was a member of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. He was ordained and set 
apart to the gospel ministry, on the 13th day of December, 1841. He 
manifested great zeal in the cause of his divine Redeemer, and bade 
fair for great usefulness to society, as an "able minister of the New 
Testament. ' ' About three months previous to his death, he visited 
the churches under the pastoral care of Parson Dreher, in South Caro- 
lina ; and, sometime during the month of August, he returned to his 
native State, (North Carolina, Lincoln County, ) to visit his affectionate 
mother and family, and to attend the ensuing session of the Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ; when and where, in all probability, 
he would have been promoted to the office of Pastor. He returned 
home in the enjoyment of excellent health, to enjoy (for a few days) 
the society of relatives and friends. But, alas ! in the midst of those 
scenes of social enjoyment, so agreeable and interesting to kindred, 
spirits, he was attacked with fever, which, in a short time, terminated 
his earthly existence. He bore his afflictions with much Christian 
fortitude and resignation to the will of his Heavenly Father. He said , 
' ' that if it was the will of God to take him into Eternity, he did not 
crave his life. ' ' A short time before his death, he called his mother 
and family to his bedside, where he united with them in prayer to 
God, to aid them in the trying moments of their separation. He then 
proceeded, though laboring under great bodily debility, to give them 
an expression of his faith, upon which he was about to leave this 
world ; he solemnly warned them to guard against false doctrine and 
teachers ; admonishing them to continue in the true doctrine, ' ' as 
once delivered to the saints." He solemnly assured his affectionate 
mother, that she should be entitled to an interest in his prayer, to his 
last moments. He yielded up his soul to God, his Heavenly Father, 
without a murmur, about five minutes after 7 o'clock, A. M. In the 
person of the deceased, the mother has been deprived of a dutiful son ; 
the family of an affectionate brother ; and society of an invaluable 
member. The body of the deceased was deposited in a family grave- 
yard, near Vestal's Ford ; his funeral sermon was preached in Phila- 
delphia Church, on the same day, by the writer of this notice, from 
Phil. 3, 20-21 : "For our conversation is in heaven ; from whence we 
also look for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall change our 
vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, ac- 
cording to the working, whereby he is able even to subdue all things 
unto himself. ' ' 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 107 

Twenty -third Session. 

This session convened in St. James' Church, Green 
County, Tennessee, on September 30, 1843. 

Besides the regular routine business, the more import- 
ant transactions of Synod consisted in the reception of five 
applicants for the ministry, — Messrs. James M. Wagner, 
Henry Mumpower, Timothy Moser, John Conly, and Moses 
Roberts, and the ordination to the office of Deacon of Messrs. 
Jesse R. Peterson, P. C. Henkel, and I.~M. Shaver. 

The Parochial Report shows 444 infants, 29 adults, and 
2 slaves baptized, and 190 confirmed, during the year; only 
six ministers, however, reported. Rev. A. J. Fox was 
elected secretary of this session. 

It was resolved, that Synod adjourn to meet in Zion's 
Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, on the first 
Sunday of October, 1844. 

Twenty- fourth Session. 

Pursuant to previous arrangement, Synod met in Zion's 
Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, on Saturday, 
the 5th day of October, 1844. After the appointment of a 
president, Rev. A. J. Fox was elected secretary. 

During this session, the name of Deacon S. C. Palmer 
was, for sufficient reason, stricken from the clerical roll. 

On petition, St. Paul's Church, Page County, Zion's 
Church, and St. Jacob's Church, Shenandoah County, and 
St. Jacob's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, were 
received into connection with Synod. Messrs. James K. 
Hancher, Thomas Crouse, and Jacob D. Emmett were taken 
under the care of Synod. 

Revs. A. Henkel and J. Stirewalt were appointed to 
prepare a paper on the Duties of Church Officers, and sub- 
mit it to the next session of Synod. 

Applicants T. Moser and James M. Wagner were or- 
dained to the office of Deacon. 

Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., having departed this life, Revs. 
G. Easterly and A. J. Fox were appointed to prepare a 



108 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

suitable obituary notice on him and append it to the Minutes. 
The Parochial Report, several of the ministers re- 
porting for two years, presents the baptism of 1135 infants, 
99 adults, and 14 slaves, and 441 confirmations. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Zion's Church ; Shenan- 
doah County, Virginia, on Saturday before the first Sunday 
in October, 1845. 

Obituary of Rev. Adam Miller, Sr. — Departed this mortal life, 
Rev. Adam Miller, Sr., our venerable, esteemed, and most worthy 
brother, and fellow-laborer in the vineyard of our benign Redeemer, 
Jesus Christ, on the 6th day of July, A. D., 1844; aged 84 years, 2 
months, and 18 days. 

Mr. Miller was born in York County, Pennsylvania, on the 18th 
day of April, 1760, of Christian parents, who, in his infancy, dedicated 
him to the Lord, by observing his own appointed means, the ordinance 
of Holy Baptism. He was brought up and instructed in the nature 
and observance of this sacred vow, made by his parents, until matured 
by age and discretion ; and upon being convinced, by the solemn and 
divine truths of the everlasting Gospel, he publicly confessed his Lord 
and Savior, Jesus Christ, by being confirmed, according to the custom 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, a member of the same, in which 
he continued to occupy a respectable station, as a private member, 
until the 53d year of his age, having previously migrated to Sullivan 
County, Tennessee. That part of the country being quite destitute of 
ministers, who were members of the Lutheran Church, the calls for 
ministers were many. These things, with the very many pressing 
solicitations of his friends and brethren in the church, so wrought 
upon his philanthropic mind, that he was ultimately induced to em- 
bark in the ministry of the Gospel. He delivered his first sermon in 
the year 1813, and was ordained to the office of Pastor of the Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Church in the year 1820, by the members composing the 
first regular session of the Tennessee Synod, convened at Solomon's 
Church, Green County, Tennessee, in which capacity he continued 
successfully to act until his death. 

He served in the gospel ministry about thirty years, during which 
time he labored much, preached a great many sermons, and broke the 
bread of life to many immortal souls. And, indeed, his labors every- 
where appeared to be owned, blessed, and crowned with abundant 
success, by the great Head of the Church. He preached his last ser- 
mon in the Poor Valley Church, Washington County, Virginia, from 
Luke, 4th chapter and 18th verse, six days before he breathed his last. 

Notwithstanding the simplicity of his style, and the plainness of 
his manner of delivering his sermons, he, as far as acquainted, was 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. I09 

universally distinguished and admired for his candor, zeal, faithful- 
ness, and untiring diligence in the performance of the duty assigned 
him by his Divine Master. In a word, his character, as a minister, 
may truly be said to have been highly exemplary and interesting. As 
a husband, he was kind and endearing ; as a father, he was gentle and 
indulgent ; and as a citizen and member of society, he was affable and 
inoffensive. Hence, it may truly be said, that, by his death, the 
church has been deprived of a useful minister ; his relatives of a valu- 
able friend ; and society of a worthy and exemplary member. Never- 
theless, we would feel a disposition to bow with due deference to every 
event directed by heaven, and say, Thy will be done, O Lord ! 

His last illness appears to have been a violent attack of the Scarlet 
Fever. His sufferings were truly great, though he bore them with 
great fortitude and submission, until the 5th day after his attack ; 
when, feeling that he was fast sinking, he requested the 71st Psalm to 
be read in his hearing, which having been done, he declared the con- 
tents to be his own sentiments, and then added, ' ' Cast me not off in 
the time of old age ; forsake me not when my strength fails me. ' ' He 
then requested the 573d hymn in the Lutheran Church Hymn-book to 
be sung. On the next day the violence of the disease grew too power- 
ful for his age and weak frame, and he closed his eyes in the sleep of 
death. His perishable remains were committed to the narrow confines 
of the grave, in a family graveyard, near the place where he expired. 
His funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. A. J. Brown, from 
Hebrews, the nth chapter and 4th verse, at Poor Valley Church, and 
was followed by the Rev. William Hancher, with appropriate and 
interesting remarks. 

We add, in conclusion, that we trust that while his perishable 
body reclines in the cold mansions of the dead, his disembodied and 
never-dying spirit is reaping the rich reward of all his earthly toils, 
in the world of never-ending bliss and glory. 

Twen ty -fifth Session . 

This convention of Synod assembled in Zion's Church, 
Shenandoah County, Virginia, October 6th, and continued 
till the 9th, 1845. 

It was organized by electing a president and Rev. H. 
Wetzel as secretary. 

Synod learned, with regret, of the death of applicant 
John Conly. 

Inasmuch as Rev. Daniel S. Schoolfield had failed to 
appear before Synod in person, to justify his course of pro- 



HO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

cedure, as well as to write, to explain the causes of his 
conduct, as requested, it was resolved, that his name be 
erased from the clerical roll of Synod, and he be no longer 
recognized as a member of it. 

Revs. A. Henkel and J. Stirewalt, who were appointed 
at the previous session to prepare a paper on the Duties of 
Church Officers, reported that the}' had not as yet completed 
that work, but would continue their efforts, 

il On motion of Dr. S. G. Henkel, seconded by the 
Secretary, it was 

Resolved, That two copies of the Minutes of the present 
session of Synod be sent to each of the Old School Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Synods in the United States, not connected 
with the General Synod, as a token of respect. 

Inasmuch as we have no newspaper published under 
our auspices, and as the Lutheran Standard, of Ohio, and 
the Lidherische Kirchenzeitung , of Pennsylvania, are pub- 
lished by Old School Lutheran Synods, and have taken a 
stand against 'new measures,' a motion was made by Dr. 
S. G. Henkel, that we recommend said papers to our church 
members, and that a copy of our Minutes be sent to each of 
the editors of said papers. 

After some discussion, the above motion was laid over 
until tomorrow morning, and Synod closed with singing 
and prayer. ' ' 

"Synod met, and was opened with singing and prayer. 

Dr. Henkel' s motion was now again called up. After 
some further discussion on the subject, it was 

Resolved, That inasmuch as this bod}- is not sufficiently 
acquainted with the Lutheran Standard and Kirchenzeitung, 
we defer an expression until the next session of Synod. 

The committee, Ambrose Henkel, Jacob Killian, Jacob 
Stirewalt, J. K. Hancher, Samuel G. Henkel, and Marcus 
H. Rudisill, on Documents No. 4, reported as follows : 

1. Whereas a charge of a serious nature is alleged 
against the Rev. Adam Miller, and as this Synod is not a 
judiciary, but an advisor}' body, and simply claims the 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. Ill 

Tight of imparting her useful advice, and employing the 
proper means for the purpose of promulgating the Gospel 
of Jesus Christ; and inasmuch as a majority of his elders 
have held a meeting, and have investigated the charge 
alleged against him ; and said meeting of elders, after an 
investigation of the charge, unanimously declared him inno- 
cent ; and they see no cause why he should not resume his 
official labors ; and as a respectable number of the members 
of his congregations concur with the decision of the elders ; 
however, as there still seems to be a dissatisfaction existing 
in the matter, it is 

Resolved, That the Revs. H. Goodman and J. Killian 
be appointed to take the voice of his congregations in a 
clear and distinct manner, as soon as possible, and if the 
voice of the congregations wish him to continue his official 
duties, that we, in that case, concur with them, provided 
they honorably acquit him. 

2. And whereas a charge has also been alleged against 
the Rev. J. W. Hull, we, in reference to this matter, would 
recommend the following, viz. : That inasmuch as Mr. Hull 
has been acquitted by his elders, and as there yet seems to 
be some dissatisfaction in his congregations, and Mr. Hull 
manifests a desire to have a reconsideration, we would 
therefore recommend his congregations to re-examine the 
matter, and see if things cannot be amicably adjusted, and 
that the Rev. J. Killian attend to this matter ; and, in case 
the congregations succeed in deciding the matter, that we 
concur with them. 

Resolved, unanimously, That this report be accepted 
and adopted." 

With respect to preparing the Christian Book of Con- 
cord, or the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, to appear in an English dress, the following action 
was taken : 

"Inasmuch as the book, entitled the Christian Concor- 
dia, contains the acknowledged Symbols of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church, and is extant only in the German and 



112 HISTORY OF THE EVAKGKUCAI, 

Latin languages, Dr. S. G. Henkel requested this body to 
express their views as to the expediency of translating and 
publishing said work in the English language ; and if 
deemed expedient, he proposed to procure a correct transla- 
tion of it, and publish it in the English language,, as soon 
as practicable. Whereupon it was 

Resolved, unanimously, That we consider it expedient 
that the Concordia be translated and published in the 
English language, and that the proposal of Dr. S. G. Hen- 
kel meets our entire approbation, and that we encourage 
him in his undertaking." 

Applicants James K. Hancher and Thomas Crouse, 
after sustaining satisfactory examinations, were ordained to 
the office of Deacon. 

Messrs. Jonathan Easterly and Socrates Henkel were 
taken under the care of Synod, as students of theology. 

The Parochial Report shows that 642 infants, 32 adults r 
and 11 slaves were baptized, and 169 persons confirmed, 
during the year. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Daniel's Church, Ca- 
tawba County, North Carolina, on the third Sunday of 
October, 1846. 

Twenty-sixth Session. 

Synod convened, in its twenty-sixth session, in St. 
Daniel's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 
17, 1846. It was organized by the election of a president 
and Rev. J. R. Moser secretary. 

As the time of the Synod was taken up by a matter of 
the greatest importance, it was resolved, that the action of 
the . last session relative to the Lutheran Standard and 
Kirchenzeitung \ cannot receive much attention. 

The Adam Miller case, as it was called, was the all- 
absorbing subject. The case was brought up by the com- 
mittee, appointed to report on the charge against Rev. Adam 
Miller, which was a very grave and serious one. It was 
resolved, that Mr. W. W. McGinnas be appointed to give a 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 113 

relation of all the circumstances connected with that case. 
After a short recess, Mr. McGinnas proceeded to present the 
facts in the case, and the circumstances connected with it. 
After a thorough investigation, the Synod resolved, that 
the requirements of the action taken by Synod the previous 
year in regard to that case had not been complied with on 
the part of the said Miller. Whereupon Mr. Miller with- 
drew himself from the Synod. In view of this fact, Synod 
deemed it unnecessary to take further action relative to the 
matter at that time. 

Mr. Michael Rudisill, an elder of St. Paul's Church, 
Catawba County, North Carolina, and also Messrs. Kphraim 
Shell, Daniel Rader, and John Hass withdrew themselves 
and the congregations they represented. 

In reference to the case of Rev. J. W. Hull, he volun- 
tarily asked a suspension from the exercise of the ministerial 
functions, until his difficulties be properly adjusted. His 
request was granted. 

Concerning the drafting of regulations on the Duties of 
Church Officers, Revs. A. Henkel and J. Stirewalt were con- 
tinued as the committee. 

After sustaining a satisfactory examination, Deacons 
Jesse R. Peterson, Polycarp C. Henkel, and J. M. Shaver, 
were ordained to the office of Pastor. Mr. Adam Efird was 
received as a student of theology. 

The report shows that, during the year, 528 infants and 
26 adults were baptized, and 235 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Buehler's Church, Sulli- 
van County, Tennessee, on Saturday before the first Sunday 
in October, 1847. 

Twen ty- seven th Session . 

This session convened in Buehler's Church, Sullivan 
County, Tennessee, October 2, 1847. 

The organization was effected by appointing a presi- 
dent, and electing Rev. Abel J. Brown, secretary. 

Besides the ordinary routine business, the following are 
the more important transactions of this meeting : 



114 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

A committee, consisting of Revs. Forester and Easterly, 
was appointed to prepare an obituary on the death of Rev. 
Nehemiah Bonham. 

"The committee appointed to examine and report on 
the papers pertaining to the case of the Rev. J. W. Hull, 
submitted the following : 

Papers, Class ist, Nos. i, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, are petitions 
from Bethany Stand, St. Martin's, Mt. Moriah, Goose Creek, 
Morning Star, and Rocky River Churches, North Carolina, 
signed by 73 persons, members of the Lutheran Church, in 
which most of the petitioners state that they have been sup- 
plied with preaching, during the past year, by brother Hull ; 
and that after the limit assigned him by the action of the 
last Synod, had expired, he preached at their request, and 
upon their responsibility. They further state, that they be- 
lieve he has been acquitted of the charge alleged against 
him, according to the Constitution of our Synod and the 
Holy Scriptures : and that further action upon the subject 
would be contrary to both. They also pray that he may be 
continued amongst them as their minister. 

Papers, Class 2d. are certificates of the good general 
character of Mr. Hull, as a Christian and Christian minis- 
ter, signed by 202 persons belonging to the Lutheran, Pres- 
byterian, Methodist, Baptist, and Seceder Churches, and 
persons in connection with no church. 

Papers, Class 3d, is a certificate by Mr. Setzer, known 
to one of the committee as a man of intelligence and high 
standing in society, stating that Mr. Hull has made efforts 
to reconcile his wife and induce her to live with him, but 
without success. 

From all the light the committee have been able to ob- 
tain upon this difficult and painful subject, they are of opinion 
that Mr. Hull is censurable in some respects ; and especially 
for having, as they think, in violation of his agreement with 
the Synod, at its last session, preached before the difficulties 
between him- and his wife were settled ; but that in this 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 115 

there is a mitigating circumstance, as will appear from papers, 
Class 1 st. 

The committee recommend, 

1 . That Mr. Hull preach for those churches which have 
petitioned for his services. 

2. That the Synod advise Mr. Hull, as he is not wholly 
free from censure, that he be very careful as to his walk and 
conversation, and that he make all possible, reasonable 
efforts, to adjust the difficulties existing between him and 
his wife, and live with her in peace and harmony, as the 
Scriptures require man and wife to live together. 

Adopted by vote of the Synod." 

"The committee, composed of A. J. Brown, J. Stire- 
walt, J. Killian, John Moser, A. W. Abernathy, and Daniel 
Seagle, on letters and petitions addressed to Synod in refer- 
ence to the Rev. Adam Miller, formerly a member of the 
Tennessee Synod, but who, while under heavy charges of 
immorality, withdrew his membership from our connection, 
at the last session of our Synod, submitted the following : 

In the papers committed to our hands, we find three 
different classes : 

1. There are several petitions, signed by members of 
churches which have, through their delegates to Synod, 
withdrawn from our connection, and persons not belonging 
to our church, which, your committee are of opinion, re- 
quire no action from Synod. 

2. There are two petitions, one from St. James' Church, 
Greene, and the other from Salem Church, Cocke County, 
Tennessee, in connection with our Synod, and some peti- 
tions from individual members belonging to different 
churches in connection with the Synod ; also a letter from 
the Rev. G. Easterly, in which the petitioners and the 
writer of the letter charge our Synod with having dealt 
with Mr. Miller contrary to our Constitution and the Scrip- 
tures, and call upon Synod to reconsider and revoke its 
former proceedings in reference to the said Miller ; and, at 
the same time, declaring their intention of withdrawing from 



Il6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

our connection, in case we do not complj 7 with their request. 

3. There is another class of petitions from churches in 
connection with our Synod, formerly under the pastoral 
charge of Mr. Miller ; and also two letters from the Rev. 
Ambrose Henkel and the other from the Rev. Polycarp C. 
Henkel, in which the petitioners and writers of the letters 
express it as their opinion that Synod has acted, in reference 
to Mr. Miller, in strict accordance with our Constitution 
and the Holy Scriptures, and protest against its revoking 
any of its former proceedings in his case ; some of the peti- 
tioners moreover declare that it would be subversive of the 
best interests, if not ruinous to the Synod, to receive the 
said Miller again into its connection ; and that if it does, 
they, in that case, will withdraw their connection from our 
Synod. 

After a full investigation of the whole matter, and the 
most serious and prayerful reflection upon this difficult and 
painful subject, your committee, under a deep sense of their 
responsibility, would recommend the following resolution 
for the adoption of Synod : 

Resolved, That in the opinion of this Synod, the Synod 
has not, in its former proceedings, in reference to the charges 
against the Rev. Adam Miller, violated either its Constitu- 
tion or the Holy Scriptures, and cannot therefore disannul 
its proceedings. 

The balance of the forenoon session was spent in the 
discussion of this matter. A recess being given, Rev. 
Goodman preached from John 5, 39. 

After sermon, the discussion was resumed, and after a 
thorough consideration, the report was adopted with but 
two dissenting voices. 

After a satisfactory examination, Deacons Timothy 
Moser, James M. Wagner, and James K. Hancher were 
ordained to the office of Pastor, and Mr. Adam Bfird to that 
of Deacon. 

Rev. Ambrose Henkel was requested to prepare a trans- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 117 

lation of Luther's Sermon on the Sin Against the Holy 
Ghost, and have it appended to the Minutes. 

During this synodical year, 738 infants and 51 adults 
were baptized, and 315 persons confirmed, 

Synod adjourned to meet in Solomon's Church, Shen- 
andoah 'County, Virginia, on Saturday before the first 
Sunday in October, 1848. 

Twenty-eighth Session. 

This convention assembled in Solomon's Church, Shen- 
andoah County, Virginia, September 30, 1848. 

It was organized by electing a president, and Rev. J. 
R. Moser, secretary, with Rev. H. Wetzel as assistant. 

In relation to Rev. Joseph W. Hull, it was resolved, 
that Synod rejoices to learn that his difficulties have been 
satisfactorily adjusted. 

With respect to the obituary ordered at the previous 
meeting, to be prepared on Rev. N. Bonham, and appended 
to the Minutes of that session, it was ordered that, as it did 
not reach the printer in time to appear in that number of 
the Minutes, it be appended to this number. 

"Dr. S. G. Henkel laid before this body copies of 
several works published by Mr. Ludwig, of New York ; and 
Revs. Stirewalt, J. R. Moser, Wetzel, Swaney, and Mr. D. 
M. Henkel, were appointed a committee to examine and 
report on the same. The report was favorable. 

Dr. Henkel also informed Synod that the translation 
of the Book of Concord has been in progress for some time, 
and is now gone through with for the first time ; but before 
it will be ready for the press, the whole will have to receive 
some further revision. He expects to be able to have it 
ready for delivery some time next summer. The object in 
deferring the publication is to give time to have the trans- 
lation as correct as possible. 

Dr. Henkel also stated, that inasmuch as the distinct- 
ive doctrines of the Lutheran Church on the Sacraments ? 
are not generally understood by the English community, 



118 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUTCAI, 

owing to the fact, that the most of Luther's works are ex- 
tant only in the German and Latin languages, he therefore 
announces to our body that he contemplates publishing a 
volume containing a translation into English of Luther's 
letter on Anabaptism, and his sermon on the subject of 
Baptism, in which he gives a full explanation of the whole 
subject of Baptism ; and also his larger confession on the 
Lord's Supper, which treats that subject in full. He pro- 
poses, if deemed expedient by Synod, to make arrangements 
to have the work correctly translated, and published as 
soon as practicable. 

Resolved, That the proposition of Dr. Henkel meets 
with the entire approbation of Synod ; and that we most 
cheerfully recommend the work to our churches. 

Whereas, in a work published by Dr. Hazelius, of 
Lexington, South Carolina, entitled ' The History of the 
American Lutheran Church,' we find erroneous statements 
in regard to our body; and whereas said work has been 
recommended to the public by various ecclesiastical bodies 
and religious publications ; and whereas those statements, 
under such circumstances, are well calculated to mislead 
the mind of the public and prejudice it against our body, 
and operate very injuriously to the cause of truth, he it 
therefore 

Resolved, That the Rev. A. Henkel, J. Stirewalt, J. 
Killian, Dr. S. G. Henkel, and Mr. Socrates Henkel, be 
appointed a committee to examine the statements referred 
to, and correct such errors as they may notice therein ; and 
that they request the editors of the Lutheran Standard, 
Lutheran Observer, and such other papers as may be deemed 
expedient, to publish such corrections in connection with 
this preamble and resolution. 

The committee, composed of J. R. Moser, H. Wetzel, 
S. G. Henkel, and T. Moser, appointed to report on the 
subject of entering into a friendly correspondence with the 
Western Virginia Synod, handed in the following report." 

'We, the committee appointed to report on the subject 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. H9 

■of entering into a friendly correspondence with the Western 
Virginia Synod, submit the following. 

We find the following papers having reference to the 
•subject : 

No. 1 is a letter to Synod, by Rev. A. J. Brown, in 
which he states that he received a letter from the Rev. E. 
Hawkins, a member of the Western Virginia Synod, on this 
subject, which he refers, together with his answer to the 
same, to our Synod, for their action. 

No. 2 is the above-named letter of Rev. E. Hawkins 
to brother Brown, the object of which is the establishment 
of a friendly correspondence between our Synod and the 
Western Virginia S3 r nod, by a reciprocal interchange of 
•delegates between the two Synods. 

No. 3 is brother Brown's answer to Rev. Hawkins' 
letter, in which he gives his views on this subject. 

No. 4 is a petition from St. Paul's Church, Augusta 
County, Virginia, stating that the petitioners ' are opposed 
to any union of energies and resources between us and the 
New Lutherans, except on the condition that they first re- 
nounce all their Anti-Eufheran doctrines, measures, &c.' 

After mature deliberation on this subject, your com- 
mittee would recommend the following resolution for the 
adoption of Synod : 

Resolved, That, although it would afford us the highest 
gratification, and we most sincerely desire to see those who 
are one with us in name, also united in doctrine and prac- 
tice ; and in that case, would most cheerfully unite and 
co-operate with them in such measures as are calculated to 
advance and promote the cause of truth ; yet, we wish it to 
be distinctly understood, that however much a union is 
desired, it can only be effected upon the assurance of a strict 
adherence to the doctrines and usages of our Church, as set 
forth in its Symbols ; and until we can have this assurance, 
we, on our part, can consent to -no such union. 

Unanimously adopted. 

Resolved, That we rejoice to learn that some of our 



120 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

German Lutheran brethren in the West, have formed them- 
selves into a Synod, called ' ' The German Evangelical Lu- 
theran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States," and 
that they are publishing a German paper, styled " Der 
Lutheraner" which is devoted to the promulgation and 
defence of the primitive doctrines and usages of the Lutheran 
Church ; to which paper we would call the attention of our 
German brethren." 

Deacon Denis D. Swaney was ordained to the pastoral 
office, and applicant David M. Henkel to that of Deacon. 
Mr. Daniel Efird was received as a theological student. 

The number of baptisms, as reported, is 430 infants, 26 
adults, and 5 slaves, and that of confirmation, 252. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Beck's Church, Davidson 
County, North Carolina, October 20, 1849. 

Obituary of Rev. Nehemiah Bonham. — "The following is an ab- 
stract of the facts collected by the Rev. George Easterly and D. For- 
ester, in relation to our departed brother in Christ, the Rev. N. 
Bonharn : 

The Rev. N. Bonham was born on the 1st day of November, 1765. 
He studied theology under the care of the Rev. Paul Henkel, and 
received license to preach in the year 1790, being 25 years of age ; and 
in the year 1791 he was ordained pastor by the Rev. John George 
Butler, a member of the Man-land and Virginia Synod. In the year 
1824, he attached himself to the Tennessee Synod, and continued an 
active member of the same until the year 1844, when he was thrown 
from his carriage and severely wounded, by which he was disabled 
from rendering further sendees to the church, as he never recovered 
from the injuries he received by the fall. 

He departed this life on the 5th of November, 1846 ; aged 81 years 
and 4 days, of which about 54 years had been devoted to the ministry. 
His death was lamented by an affectionate wife and eight children, 
and also by the little flock which he had gathered at Morning Star 
Church, Haywood County, North Carolina, at which place his remains 
were solemnly deposited." 

Twenty-ninth Session. 

This meeting convened in Beck's Church, Davidson 
County, North Carolina, October 20, 1849. 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 121 

Rev. J. R. Peterson was elected secretary, with Rev. 
P. C. Henkel as assistant. 

The following will present, in brief, the more special 
proceedings of this convention : 

Christian Moretz, Jr., was received as a student of 
theology. 

"Whereas the Rev. George Easterly has withdrawn 
himself from this body since the last session of our Synod, 
by forming a body in Tennessee, which styles itself ' The 
Reorganized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod;' and 
whereas the said body, in its proceedings, has charged our 
Synod with violating its constitution, according to 'their 
opinion ;' be it therefore 

Resolved i. That the name of the Rev. G. Easterly be 
no longer retained in our clerical catalogue ; and 

2. That so soon as the said body shall have clearly 
pointed out in what respect our Synod has violated its con- 
stitution, we shall proceed to meet the charge." 

On petition, St. Paul's Church, Gaston County, North 
Carolina, was received into connection with this Synod. 

At a called session of a portion of the ministers of 
Synod, held in Emmanuel's Church, New Market, Virginia, 
September n, 1849, Deacon David M. Henkel was ordained 
to the office of Pastor. 

As far as reported, 631 infants and 44 adults were 
baptized, and 295 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Solomon's Church, Cove 
Creek, Green County, Tennessee, on Saturday before the 
third Sunday of September, 1850. 

Thirtieth Session. 

This session met in Solomon's Church, Green County, 
Tennessee, September 14, 1850. 

After the election of a president, Rev. J. R. Peterson 
was appointed secretary. 

Union Church, Washington County, Tennessee, and 



122 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

Winkler's Church, Burk County, North Carolina, were re- 
ceived into Synod. 

On petition, St. Paul's Church, Catawba County, North 
Carolina, which had been withdrawn from Synod, contrary 
to its will, by its delegate, at the time Rev. Adam Miller, 
in October, 1846, withdrew from Synod, was received back 
into Synod again. St. John's Church, in the same county, 
which had been withdrawn from Synod, in a similar man- 
ner, at the same time, was also received back into Synod. 

Rev. D. Forester not considering himself properly a 
member of Synod, it was ordered that his name be no longer 
continued in its clerical catalogue. 

It was also resolved, that, in the future, the number of 
the congregations and of the communicants be also included 
in the parochial report. 

After submitting to the usual examinations, Deacons 
Adam Kfird and Thomas Crouse were ordained as Pastors, 
and applicants Daniel Efird, James Fleenor, and J. B. 
Emmert as Deacons. 

With respect to the case of the Rev. Adam Miller, who 
withdrew from the Synod in October, 1846, which resulted 
in an effort to form what was erroneously called the ' ' Re- 
organized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod," the 
Committee on Letters, among other things, reported the 
following : 

' ' No. 5 are the proceedings of the third meeting of the 
'Associate Council' of the Lutheran churches of Catawba, 
Lincoln, and Gaston Counties, North Carolina, which 
assembled at Salem Church, Lincoln, North Carolina, on 
Friday, the 2d of August, 1850, in which they state that 
every honorable effort was made to acquit the Rev. A. 
Miller of the charge of adultery preferred against him, but 
that all resulted in an entire failure, and did not render his 
innocence even probable. They also show, to some extent, 
the futility of the proceedings of the pretended • Reorgan- 
ized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod,' and the 
falsity of its allegations preferred against our Synod. They 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 23 

also recommend Synod to reply to the charges made by the 
said ' Reorganized Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ' 
against us." 

Concerning this same case, it was also ascertained that 
the committee, appointed to reply to and refute these charges, 
had done so in a very able and satisfactory manner. The 
reply is appended to the Minutes of this session, and covers 
nineteen closely printed pages. It is clear and exhaustive, 
and leaves no room for escape ; and in confirmation of the 
same position, it is followed by an appendix, signed by 
twelve elders who formerly belonged to the said Miller's 
charge. It is regretted that the reply is too long for inser- 
tion in this connection. 

At a called session of a part of the ministers of Synod, 
held in Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia, April 
7, 1850, applicant Socrates Henkel was examined, and or- 
dained to the office of Deacon, by Revs. Jacob Killian and 
Henry Wetzel. - 

According to the report, during this year, 530 infants 
and 44 adults were baptized, and 212 confirmed. 

The time and place fixed for the next meeting were, 
Saturday before the first Sunday in October, 185 1, and 
Koiner's Church, Augusta County, Virginia. 

During this decade, there were sixteen applicants for 
the ministry; sixteen were ordained to the office of Deacon, 
and fourteen to that of Pastor ; one minister withdrew from 
Synod, the names of two ministers were discontinued from 
the clerical catalogue, and two died; 6,576 infants, 442 
adults, and 28 slaves were baptized, and 2,828 persons were 
confirmed. It should be kept in view that the reports were 
not generally full. 

FOURTH DKCADK. 

Thirty-first Session. 

Synod met in its thirty-first convention in Koiner's 
Church, Augusta County, Virginia, October 4-10, 1851. 



124 HISTORY OF THE KV ANGELICAL 

Rev. Jacob Killian was elected president, and Rev. H. 
Wetzel, secretary. 

Rev. Andrew Henkel of the Evangelical Lutheran Joint 
Synod of Ohio, being present as a delegate from that Synod, 
was received as an advisory member. 

Among the proceedings of this meeting, the following 
- is of general interest : 

Rev. Denis D. Swaney was granted an honorable dis- 
charge from this Synod to the Evangelical Lutheran Synod 
of Ohio. 

The Rev. John F. Campbell appeared and presented 
credentials as a delegate from the ' ' Lutheran Synod of Vir- 
ginia," to this convention of our Synod. But inasmuch as 
the Synod of Virginia, at her sessions in 1838 and 1839, 
passed resolutions, denouncing the ministers of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and misrepresenting her 
doctrines, and warned the vacant churches in Virginia 
against them ; and inasmuch as these resolutions were cal- 
culated to excite the public mind against our ministers and 
the doctrines of the Lutheran Church, where they are not 
known ; it was therefore 

Resolved, That we cannot consistently with a sense of 
duty to ourselves, as an Evangelical Lutheran Synod, re- 
ceive delegates from the Virginia Synod, until they render 
us justice by rescinding the aforenamed resolutions, and 
give us evidence of their strict adherence to the doctrines 
contained in the Symbols of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church. 

After the Rev. Mr. Campbell could not be received as 
a delegate, he was invited by the President to a seat as an 
honorary member, which he cordially accepted. 

The Committee on Letters submitted the following, 
which was received and adopted : 

Number five is a letter from Prof. Reynolds, directed 
to Rev. Andrew Henkel, delegate to this Synod from the Joint 
Synod of Ohio, with the request that he present this Synod 
with its contents, — in which he expresses a desire to see a 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 25 

closer and more efficient union between the Tennessee and 
Ohio Synods, which have the same doctrinal basis, than 
that which now exists, or can be effected by simply adopt- 
ing a system of an interchange of delegates, and suggests 
several methods by which he thinks this union can be 
effected. He also expresses a desire that this Synod should 
increase her efforts to extend the circulation of the Lutheran 
Standard and Eva?igelical Review, among her members. 

Your committee are gratified to learn, through the 
interesting and fraternal communication of Prof. Reynolds, 
that our brethren in Ohio wish to approach us in a closer 
connection in reference to energies and resources, to promote 
the cause and welfare of the Church in general. 

Your committee beg leave, therefore, to submit the 
following resolutions : 

Resolved 1. That in reference to a closer and more effi- 
cient connection between the Joint Synod of Ohio and this 
Synod, it is deemed inexpedient for Synod at present to 
propose any plan further than that of sending delegates. 

2. That Synod repeat her former recommendation of 
the Lutheran Standard, and that our ministers use their 
influence with their members to increase its circulation. 

3. That inasmuch as the Evangelical Review calls forth 
some of the ablest expositions of the doctrines of our Church, 
and also exposes contrary doctrines, Synod recommends it 
to the clergy particularly, and the public in general, who 
wish to become acquainted with the controverted points 
of doctrine. 

Melanchthon Church, Randolph County, North Caro- 
lina, was received into Synod. 

Dr. S. G. Henkel, one of the publishers of the " Book 
of Concord ' ' in the English language, now informed Synod 
that that work is completed and ready for delivery. 

A committee was appointed to report, at some future 
stage of this meeting, on the above publication of the Book 
of Concord. 

Committee — Rev. Messrs. Wm. Hancher, J. Killian, 



126 HISTORY OF THE EV ANGELICA!, 

A. Henkel, of Ohio, H. Goodman, A. Efird, and CoL 
Hedick. 

At the proper time, the committee submitted the fol- 
lowing report: 

"The committee to whom the duty was assigned to re- 
port on the Book of Concord, lately published by Solomon 
D. Henkel and Brothers, beg leave to report : 

That the short space of time allotted them, together 
with a sense of their inadequacy to judge upon a work so 
important as the one assigned, would induce them to sus- 
pend their judgment in regard to the correctness of the 
translation ; but that the work is otherwise well executed, 
and its contents such, as to be of inestimable value to all 
who desire a thorough acquaintance with the doctrines and 
usages of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. And, although 
the committee beg leave, for the reasons above assigned, to 
suspend their individual judgment upon the translation, 
yet, from the knowledge they have of the literary attain- 
ments and abilities of the translators, and the reviser of the 
translation, they would not hesitate a moment to say, that 
they believe it fully expresses the sense of the original in 
which it w T as written. And the committee beg leave further 
to state, — That, considering the peculiarly critical condition 
in which the Lutheran community is placed at this time, 
and also the great importance of the undertaking, together 
with the unavoidable expense it incurred, they are con- 
strained to say, that the Church should feel herself under 
deep obligations to the individuals engaged in the above. 

We, the committee, beg leave to recommend the fol- 
lowing resolutions : 

Resolved i. That this Synod owe a deep sense of grati- 
tude to the brethren who were engaged in the above arduous 
work ; and that her thanks be herewith tendered to them. 

ResUved 2. That she earnestly recommend this work 
to all her ministers in particular, and their members in 
general. 

Resolved 3. That these recommendations be extended 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 27 

to all who call themselves Lutheran ministers, throughout 
the Lutheran Church, and the community in general. 

Resolved 4. That the above report and resolutions be 
published in the Lutheran Standard, and that the Secretary 
forward a copy of the same to the Rev. C. Spielmann for 
that purpose." 

Received and adopted unanimously. 

Dr. S. G. Henkel informed Synod that the work, 
<* Luther on the Sacraments, ' ' which he announced to Synod 
in 1848, (see Minutes of 1848, page 7,) is now in progress 
of publication, and will be out by next meeting of this 
Synod. He also informed Synod that Luther's Large and 
Small Catechisms, in one i2mo. volume, are in course of 
publication, and will be ready for delivery in a few months. 

Resolved, That Synod learns with much pleasure, and 
feelings of gratitude to the publisher, the nearness of com- 
pletion of the above named works. 

The firm of Solomon D. Henkel & Brothers, New 
Market, Virginia, consisted of four brothers, namely, Dr. 
Samuel Godfrey, Mr. Siram P., Mr. Solomon D., and Dr. 
Solon P. C. Henkel. They were sons of Dr. Solomon 
Henkel, who was a son of Rev. Paul Henkel. 

Of this firm, Dr. Samuel Godfrey Henkel made all 
the necessary arrangements to secure correct translations 
of these works, as well as to assure their publication in an 
English dress. The best authenticated copies of the origi- 
nal works had to be obtained for use in the translations. 
He had the general supervision and management of the 
translations during their progress and completion, and 
superintended the matter as it passed through the press. 
The undivided gratitude of the Church is due this firm in 
view of such untiring efforts and labors in presenting these 
works to the public in the English language. 

Whilst, as a physician and surgeon, he had few supe- 
riors in the State, he was a zealous Christian, of respectable 
attainments in English, German, and Latin, as well as a 
good practical printer, well up in Lutheran theology and 



128 



HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 



general literature, always taking a deep interest in the 
Church, — a man of sound judgment, with indomitable en- 
ergy and untiring zeal. He was very familiar with the 
German language, and spoke it fluently. 

The following is what he says relative to this matter, 
in the prefaces to the first and second editions of the 
Christian Book of Concord : 

"The Book of Concord, comprising the Symbols of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church, has as yet enjoyed but a 
limited circulation in the United States. Wrapped in the 
obscurities of its original languages, — the Latin and Ger- 
man, — that venerable production of the Reformation has 
been left to slumber almost entirely in silence and neglect. 
Numerous causes have contributed to prolong this neglect. 
The descendants of German emigrants in America, have 
never cultivated the language and literature of their fathers 
with due interest ; many of them are unable to read German ; 
while many, able to read, and occupying elevated stations, 
have never manifested a laudable zeal for the doctrines of 
the Church. The most obvious cause, however, seems to 
be, that the larger portion of Lutherans in America, are 
accustomed to read the English language only, and conse- 
quently have never had an opportunity to appreciate the 
value of their Symbols. 

Yet, we cherish the anticipation of a brighter day in 
the Lutheran Church. In a land of freedom, of science, 
and art, where the generous spirit of political wisdom en- 
courages the exercise of reason, and guards the decisions of 
conscience ; where industry, energy, and enterprise, though 
daily attaining fresh prospects of future improvement, are 
continually unburying the sacred treasures of the past, we 
believe that the doctrines of our Church will ultimately be 
reclaimed, and that men of our western clime will enter 
into the investigation of these doctrines with all the avidity 
natural to a love for the truth. That these doctrines and 
these principles of immutable truth, are congenial with the 
tastes and feelings of the American mind, we may fearlessly 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 29 

deduce from recent facts. Within the last few years, the 
Book of Concord and Luther's House-Sermons have been 
reprinted in this country; and several of Luther's works 
have lately been translated into the English language, and 
circulated extensively. 

It was, therefore, reasonable to presume, that a faithful 
translation of the Book of Concord into the English lan- 
guage, was demanded by the necessities of the times, and 
would effectually co-operate with these laudable exertions. 
Partial translations indeed of the Augsburg Confession had 
been made at different times ; but it had never been fully 
rendered into English until 1831, when a translation was 
completed by the Rev. Charles Henkel, assisted by Pro- 
fessor Schmidt, of Columbus Seminary, Ohio ; and several 
small fragments from the Book of Concord, were subse- 
quently translated by others. 

At the urgent solicitation of many zealous members of 
the Church, we- announced, October 9th, 1845, our resolu- 
tion to procure a correct English version of the entire work, 
and publish it as soon as practicable. Since that period no 
time or labor has been spared to fulfill our promise. 

We have had to engage the talents not only of men 
familiar with the Lutheran doctrine, as well as with the 
German and English languages, but, in consequence of the 
obsolete style in which the German copy of this work was 
originally written, we have constantly had recourse to men 
who were able to consult the Latin copy whenever it was 
requisite. And here we feel bound in justice to the indus- 
try and valuable abilities of those who contributed their 
friendly aid, to specify the several portions furnished by each. 

The Augsburg Confession, the Apology, the Smalcald 
Articles, the Appendix, and the Articles of Visitation, in 
a version purely literal, were furnished by the Rev. Ambrose 
and Socrates Henkel. The Large Catechism was transla- 
ted, in the same manner, by the Rev. J. Stirewalt; the 
Epitome by the Rev. H. Wetzel ; and the Declaration by 
the Rev. J. R. Moser. The Small Catechism was copied 



130 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAE 

mainly from the translation by the Rev. David Henkel, 
published in 1827. Much assistance in reviewing the proof- 
sheets throughout the publication of the work, was rendered 
by Joseph Salyards, Principal of the New Market Academy, 
who has long cultivated the study of science and general 
literature ; and he likewise furnished translations of all the 
Prefaces, from the Latin, and of the Historical Introduction, 
from the German. 

All these translations when collected, were carefully 
compared with the original by the Rev. Ambrose Henkel, 
and afterwards, with- the exception of the Historical Intro- 
duction and the Prefaces, were revised, transcribed, and 
prepared for the press by the Rev. Socrates Henkel. We 
have derived considerable assistance, too, in the progress of 
the work, from the Rev. L. Kichelberger. 

The principal translations were made from the German 
edition of 1790, published at Leipsic ; and, being favored 
by the Rev. C. P. Krauth, with a copy of the original 
German Dresden edition of 1580, we were enabled to com- 
pare them with that also. The Latin copy, to which uni- 
form reference was made in comparing the translations, was 
that published by Hase in 1846 ; and from this the Prefaces 
were all translated. Whenever the German copy presented 
insuperable obscurities, recourse was also had to this edition 
in numerous passages. The Appendix was taken from the 
German and Latin edition published by Muller, printed at 
Stuttgard, 1848, from which the Historical Introduction 
was also translated. 

Deeming it most compatible with the nature of the 
work, — the subjects being chiefly of a didactic and doctrinal 
character, —we have endeavored throughout to preserve as 
just and uniform a medium as possible, between a transla- 
tion purely literal, and one which admits all the freedom 
and elegance of English composition. We have labored to 
be faithful, and yet not to offend the fastidious ear. We 
have been anxious to preserve the serious tone and spirit of 
the pious original. But, as imperfection is the fate of all 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 131 

human efforts, the candid reader will no doubt discover 
many inaccuracies. Am T friendly suggestion, therefore, 
pointing out such defects, will be received with gratitude, 
and enable us to render a second edition more worthy of an 
intelligent public. 

Ma}- our labors be the instrument, in the hands of 
Providence, for promoting an acquaintance with the Book 
of Concord, the norm of all genuine Lutherans since 1580, 
and for extending the doctrines taught by the illustrious 
Reformer ! 



In presenting the second edition of the Book of Concord 
in the English language, the publishers take pleasure in 
announcing that the whole work has again been carefully 
revised and compared with the original text. The first 
edition, though containing many imperfections, met never- 
theless with a kind reception in the church ; which induced 
the publishers to use every effort that seemed necessary to 
bring the work to greater perfection. Accordingly, before 
publishing a second edition, the talents of individuals, 
known as literary men and prominent theologians in the 
Church, were engaged, who were requested to revise the 
work, comparing it with the original, not changing however 
the language of the first edition more than would be found 
necessary to render it a good translation; and to these 
gentlemen sincere acknowledgments are due for a vast 
number of valuable suggestions. 

The Augsburg Confession was revised by Rev. C. P. 
Krauth, D. D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, 
Gettysburg, Pa.; the Apology, by Rev. W. F. Lehmann, 
Professor of Theology, Columbus, Ohio ; the Smalcald 
Articles, by Rev. Wm. M. Reynolds, D. D., President of 
Capital University, Ohio ; Luther's Small and Large Cate- 
chisms, by Rev. J. G. Morris, D. D., Baltimore, Md.; and 
the Formula of Concord and Catalogue of Testimonies, by 
Rev. C. F. Schaeffer, D. D., Easton, Pa. The Historical 
Introduction was also carefully compared and revised by 



132 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the original translator ; and every attention was given by 
the publishers to have the corrections faithfully attended to; 
thus they feel confident, that the English translation of the 
Book of Concord will meet that encouragement from the 
Church, which her Symbols originally received." 

After sustaining a satisfactory examination, Deacon 
Socrates Henkel was ordained to the office of Pastor. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Salem Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, on the first Sunday of October, 1852. 

The Parochial Report presents the following : 68 
churches, 3,329 communicants, 604 infant baptisms, 5 
slaves, and 37 adults, and 250 confirmations. 

Thirty -secojid Sessioji. 

Pursuant to adjournment, Synod met in Salem Church, 
Lincoln County, North Carolina, October 2-7, 1852. 

The election of officers resulted in favor of Revs. Jacob 
Killian, president; A. J. Brown, secretary; and A. Efird, 
treasurer. 

The usual routine business received proper attention. 

At the request of petitioners, Salem, St. Peter's (Piny 
Woods), St. Paul's, Zion's, St. Jacob's, St. John's, St. 
Peter's, and Bethlehem Churches, South Carolina, and 
Lingel' s, Caldwell County, North Carolina, were received 
in connection with Synod. 

The President gave notice that, at some future time, he 
would introduce resolutions in regard to ministerial support. 

Rev. J. K. Hancher gave notice that he would intro- 
duce resolutions in regard to ministerial education.. 

Rev. A. J. Brown gave notice that, at some future period, 
he would introduce resolutions relative to the establishment 
of a Literary Institution and Missionary operations. With 
respect to this, it was 

Resolved 1. That the Synod devise some plan for the 
establishment of a Literary Institution, which will not con- 
flict w 7 ith our present Constitution. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 33 

Resolved 2. That, in reference to Beneficiary Education 
and Missionary operations, societies for these purposes be 
formed disconnected with this Synod. 

The President, Rev. J. Killian, introduced the follow- 
ing preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously 
adopted. 

Whereas, it not unfrequently occurs that the amount 
of salary promised and paid to the pastor by his congrega- 
tions, or charge, is so limited, either by reason of the negli- 
gence or inability of his church members, that he is driven 
by the force of circumstances to devote a considerable portion 
of his time to other pursuits than those of the ministry, to 
procure for himself and family the necessaries and comforts 
of life, — thereby greatly diminishing his usefulness as the 
spiritual shepherd of Christ's flock; — and whereas we be- 
lieve that each congregation or charge that possesses the 
ability to do so, is morally bound to make reasonable pro- 
visions for the temporal wants of their ministers ; for the 
Holy Scriptures declare that, "If we have sown unto you 
spiritual things, is it a great matter that we should reap 
your carnal things ?" " The laborer is worthy of his hire. ' ' 
' ' Even so hath Christ the Lord ordained, that they which 
preach the Gospel, should live of the Gospel." Therefore, 
with a view to the expression of the convictions of this 
Synod, on this subject, we do hereby adopt the following 
resolutions : 

Resolved 1. That we view with feelings of deep regret 
and mortification, the extremely low view T s entertained by 
too many of our church members in reference to the ade- 
quate support of the ministry, and the importance of meeting 
punctually their engagements to its maintenance. 

Resolved 2. That, as a Synod, we entertain the belief 
that those congregations w T hich withhold from their minis- 
ter his just dues, have no Scriptural grounds to hope for, 
much less to expect the blessings of a righteous and just 
God to descend upon them, whilst keeping back "the wages 
of him that is hired, ' ' as their spiritual shepherd. 



134 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Resolved 3. That the congregations which entertain 
enlightened views upon this subject, and manifest by their 
practice a disposition to conform to justice, the demands 
of Christian liberality and correct moral principle, are enti- 
tled to our praise and gratitude as a Synod ; and we do 
most devoutly pray that God ma}- bless them abundantly 
in all their efforts to elevate the standard of piety and 
Christian obligation. 

After sustaining a regular examination, Deacon Daniel 
Efird was ordained to the pastoral office, and applicants 
James K. Seneker, John Seneker, Christian Moretz, Jr., and 
Adam Fleenor, were ordained to the office of Deacon. 

After a long and interesting discussion in reference to 
the establishment of a Literary Institution within the bounds 
of our Synod, it was 

Resolved 1. That the ministers of this Synod be re- 
quested to take the sense of the members of their respective 
congregations as to the propriety and practicability or im- 
practicability of establishing a Literary Institution within 
the bounds of our Synod, disconnected with the Synod, and 
that they report to the next session of our Synod. 

Resolved 2. Further, that this Synod appoint an Edu- 
cational Convention, to meet at the time and place of the 
next meeting of the Synod, and that the congregations in 
connection with this Synod be advised to appoint their 
delegates to Synod, delegates also to the Convention, and 
that a committee be appointed to devise a plan for the estab- 
lishment of a Literary Institution, and also to prepare a 
Constitution for its government. 

The President appointed Revs. P. C. Henkel, A. J. 
Fox, J. R. Peterson, and D. M. Henkel, as the committee. 

During this year, the Parochial Report shows 97 con- 
gregations, 4,131 communicants, 637 infants, 26 adults, and 
30 slaves were baptized, and 179 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Emmanuel's Church, Sul- 
livan County, Tennessee, on Friday before the third Sunday 
in October, 1853. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 35 

Thirty -third Session. 

This session assembled in Emmanuel's Church, Sulli- 
van County, Tennessee, on Friday before the third Sunday 
of October, 1853. 

Revs. Ambrose Henkel was chosen president, J. R. 
Peterson, secretary, and J. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

The usual business was transacted. 

The committee, Revs. J. Stirewalt, J. M. Wagner, A. 
J. Brown, and Ambrose Henkel, to whom were referred the 
resolutions of the Pennsylvania Synod, in reference to union 
with the General Synod, together with the accompanying 
letter of the committee appointed to transmit them to the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, suggesting to our 
Synod the propriety of uniting with them, in the "General 
Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the United 
States," examined the said papers carefully, and respect- 
fully submitted the following : 

Whereas, we regard the Unaltered Augsburg Confes- 
sion as the authorized and universally acknowledged Symbol 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and consequently the 
belief and acknowledgment of it, in its entireness, as essen- 
tial to the existence of Lutheranism in its integrity; and 
whereas we profess, in our Synodical Constitution, to be- 
lieve the doctrines of the Christian system, as exhibited in 
this Symbol, and have pledged ourselves to teach according 
to it; and, whereas the doctrinal position of the General 
Synod, as we understand it, is only a qualified acknowledg- 
ment of the Augsburg Confession, as we think is evident : 

a) From the Constitution of this body, in which there 
is no clause binding its members to teach according to the 
Unaltered Augsburg Confession, and not even a distinct 
mention of this instrument. 

b) From the Constitution recommended by the General 
Synod to the District Synods connected with it. 

c) From the form of oath required of Professors in its 
Theological Seminary, when inducted into office. 



%3 6 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

d) From the construction placed upon its Constitution 
by the framer of that instrument, and other prominent mem- 
bers of it. 

e) From the various publications made by distinguished 
members of the General Synod, in which distinctive doc- 
trines of our Church Confessions are openly assailed, and 
for doing which, they have never been called to account. 
Be it therefore 

Resolved i. That we cannot, under existing circum- 
stances, take any steps towards a union with the General 
Synod. 

Resolved 2. That we duly appreciate the motives which 
prompted the Pennsylvania Synod to invite us to unite with 
them in the General Synod, and shall ever be thankful to 
this body for any advice which it may see proper to give, 
or any suggestions which it may make to us, and will 
calmly and prayerfully^ consider them, but at all times act 
according to the dictates of our own judgment. 

Resolved 3. That we have witnessed, with heartfelt 
gratitude to the Great Head of the Church, the revival of 
increased attachment to our excellent doctrinal standards, 
and particularly the Unaltered Augsburg Confession, and 
the open and decided stand taken in favor and support of 
them hy distinguished sons of the Church, and even by 
prominent members of the General Synod. 

Resolved 4. That we are encouraged to hope that the 
time may yet come, when all in this country, professing 
Lutheranism, and having departed from the doctrines of the 
Church, will return to her confessional standards, and that 
we will continue to labor and pray with increased energy 
and faith and zeal, for the accomplishment of this great 
and desirable object. 

Resolved 5. That our Secretary send a copy of these 
resolutions to the Pennsylvania Synod. 

Relative to the petitions from Illinois, Indiana, Mis- 
souri, and Arkansas, it was Resolved, That, inasmuch as 
Rev. J. B. Emmert has it in contemplation to perform a 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 37 

visit to the West, and Rev. J. K. Hancher has conditionally 
promised to visit some of the petitioners, these brethren be 
requested to give them proper attention. 

In the report of the committee on letters we notice the 
following : 

No. 10 is a letter from Rev. A. Biewend, a member of 
the Missouri Synod, in which he informs us that he was 
appointed a delegate to this body, but that, owing to inter- 
vening circumstances, he was prevented attending. He 
also expresses the hope and desire that a more intimate 
acquaintance may be formed between these two bodies. 

Your committee would recommend the following for 
adoption : 

Resolved 1. That we duly appreciate the kind regard of 
the Missouri Synod, and that we also desire a more intimate 
acquaintance with them, and that we appoint Rev. J. R. 
Moser a delegate to the next session of that Synod. 

2. In reference to all papers addressed to this Synod, 
relative to the establishment of a Literary Institution within 
the bounds and under the patronage of this Synod, we 
recommend the following : 

Whereas, this subject was, by the last session of Synod, 
referred to a convention, to be held for the purpose of 
considering the propriety and practicability of such a move, 
be it, therefore, 

Resolved, That this subject requires no further action 
from this body, and that the committee appointed to devise 
a plan for the establishment of a literary Institution, and 
to prepare a Constitution for its government, be discharged. 

After the usual examination, Deacons James Fleenor 
and J. B. Emmert were ordained as pastors. 

The Parochial Report shows 75 congregations, 5,049 
communicants, 782 infants, 78 adults, and 16 slaves bap- 
tized, and 588 confirmed. 

St. Peter's (Piny Woods) Church, Lexington District, 
South Carolina, was agreed upon as the place, and Saturday 



138 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

before the first Sunday in November, 1854, as the time for 
the next meeting. 

The following Appendix to the Minutes of the Tennes- 
see Synod is of interest to the- Church : 

' ' As Secretary of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod, for the last S^modical 3^ear, I have received the fol- 
lowing communications for the Synod, since the adjournment 
of its last session. 

1. A letter from Rev. R. A. Fink, Secretary of the 
'Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Virginia,' communicating 
certain resolutions of rescission, passed by that body, in 
reference to the Tennessee Synod, which I give entire, 
together with the preamble. 

' Whereas, it is desirable for the good of our Lutheran 
Zion, and the cause of our Lord Jesus Christ, that unity 
and fraternal love should characterize all our relations as 
Lutherans — therefore, 

'Resolved, That the resolutions of this Synod, passed 
at its meeting in 1838 and 1839, in regard to the Tennessee 
Synod, and contained on the Minutes of our Synod, aire 
hereby rescinded. 

'Resolved, further, That, as far as possible, we will 
seek to cultivate fraternal relations with our brethren of the 
Tennessee Synod, and that a delegate be appointed to said 
body to represent this Synod in its next annual convention 
in 1854. 

'Resolved, That our Secretary be instructed to for- 
ward a copy of these resolutions to the said Tennessee 
Synod.' x 

2. A letter from Rev. Messrs. Theo. Brohm and A. 
Hoyer, who had been appointed delegates from 'The 
German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, 
and other States, ' to the recent session of our Synod. As 
the letter is both interesting and encouraging, I give it 
in full. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 39 

New York and Philadelphia, 
October 6, 1853. 
Reverend and Dear Brethren : — 

Animated by an ardent desire to 
cherish the unity in spirit with all true Lutherans wherever, 
the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, 
and other States, at her last annual meeting at Cleveland, 
Ohio, had appointed the undersigned as delegates to attend 
your synodical meeting and to deliver her fraternal greet- 
ings. But after having learned the place where your Synod 
is to meet this year, we regret to be precluded, by the great 
distance, and other local difficulties, from the great pleasure 
of carrying out our commission, both honorable and agreea- 
ble to us, as a greater sacrifice of time would be required 
than we can properly answer for to our respective congre- 
gations. 

In order to compensate this want of personal attend- 
ance, we take the liberty, with consent of our president, to 
address your reverend body by these few lines, assuring you 
of our fraternal love and sympathy, founded upon the con- 
viction, .that it is one and the same faith which dwells in 
you and in us. We are highly rejoiced in this vast desert 
and wilderness, to meet a whole Lutheran Synod steadfastly 
holding to the precious Confessions of our beloved church, 
and zealously engaged in divulging the unaltered doctrines 
and principles of the Reformation among the English portion 
of Lutherans, by translating the standard writings of our 
Fathers, at the same time firmly resisting the allurements 
of those who say they are Lutherans, and are not. 

Our synod extends, through our instrumentality, the 
hand of fraternity to you, not fearing to be refused, and 
ardently desires, however separated from you by different 
language and local interests, to co-operate with you, hand 
in hand, in rebuilding the walls of our dilapidated Zion. 

We are authorized to beseech your venerable Synod, to 
delegate as many of your members as you may deem proper, 
to our synodical meeting, to be held next year at St. Louis, 



HO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

promising hereby a friendly and hospitable reception. — 
Should your Synod next year assemble at a place easier 
accessible, and more convenient to us, we, or they whom 
our synod may appoint, shall not fail to attend. 

Praying that the Lord may vouchsafe to replenish your 
reverend body with the spirit of truth, wisdom, zeal, love, 
and peace, and bless your deliberations for the glorification 
of His holy name, we remain, dear brethren, with sincere 
respect and love, your co-laborers in the vineyard of the 
Lord. 

THEO. BROHM, 

A. HOYER, of Philadelphia. 

3. A copy of the Minutes of the German Evangelical 
Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States, for 
1853. A. J. BROWN. 

November 3, 1853." 

Thirty -fourth Session. 

Synod assembled in St. Peter's (Piny Woods) Church, 
Lexington District, South Carolina, on Saturday before the 
first Sunday in November, 1854. 

The election for officers resulted in favor of Rev. A. J. 
Brown, president ; Rev. J. R. Peterson, secretary ; and Rev. 
J. M. Wagner, treasurer. 

The usual business received proper attention. 

On regular application, Salem Church, Alexander 
County, North Carolina, and Emmanuel Church, Lexington 
District, South Carolina, were received into Synod. 

On learning that the Virginia Synod had rescinded the 
resolutions it had passed against this Synod in 1838 and 
1839, it was resolved, that Synod rejoices to learn that the 
Virginia Synod has at length done our Synod the justice 
to rescind its former obnoxious resolutions ; and that, in 
view of this fact, we will endeavor to cultivate a feeling of 
fraternal regard for the Virginia Synod. 

Rev. Theodore Brohm, of the Synod of Missouri, Ohio, 









LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 4 1 

and other States, was introduced to Synod, and received as 
a corresponding member by this body. Rev. G. Dreher 
and Michael Rauch, of the Lutheran Church, were received 
as advisory members. 

The Rev, Theodore Brohm, of the Missouri Synod, 
being present, the following preamble and resolutions were 
unanimously adopted : 

Whereas, the Rev. Theodore Brohm, of the city of 
New York, delegate of the Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and 
other States, has appeared amongst us, and we are assured 
from personal interviews with him, as well as from other 
sources of information, that the Synod which he represents 
adheres strictly to the doctrines of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, as exhibited in her confessional standards, and are 
zealously and actively engaged in promoting the interests 
of the Redeemer's kingdom ; be it, therefore, 

Resolved i. That we are highly gratified to see brother 
Brohm in our midst. 

Resolved 2. That we fully and cheerfully reciprocate 
the kind and fraternal feelings expressed and manifested 
towards us by the Missouri Synod. 

Resolved 3. That we will endeavor to cultivate a more 
intimate acquaintance and a closer union with the Missouri 
Synod. , 

Resolved 4. That, for this purpose, Rev. Socrates Hen- 
kel be appointed a delegate from this body to the Eastern 
division of the Missouri Synod, to be held in Baltimore ; 
and that Rev. J. R. Moser be appointed our delegate to the 
Western division of said Synod, at its next session. 

Mr. Julius L. Stirewalt having been ordained to the 
office of Deacon by Revs. A. Henkel and H. Wetzel, his 
name was ordered to be inserted in the clerical roll. 

In answer to petitions from time to time addressed to 
this body, it was 

Resolved 1. That a committee be appointed to devise a 
plan for the division of this Synod into district synods, and 
report to next meeting of Synod. 



142 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Committee — Rev. Messrs. P. C. Henkel, J. R. Peterson, 
A. Henkel, H. Wetzel, A. J. Brown, and Wm. Hancher. 

Resolved 2. That Rev. S. Henkel collect and preserve 
the archives of this Synod. 

According to the Parochial Report, 722 infants, 27 
adults, and 15 slaves were baptized, and 251 persons were 
confirmed during the year. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Emmanuel's Church, New 
Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, on Friday before 
the third Sunday in September, 1855. 

Thirty -fifth Session. 

This convention met in Emmanuel's Church, New 
Market, Virginia, September 14, 1855. 

Revs. A. J. Brown was elected president; J. Killian, 
secretary; and S. Henkel, treasurer. 

Besides the usual transactions of this meeting, the 
following business deserves notice : 

Rev. Spielmann, President of Capital University, Colum- 
bus, Ohio, the delegate appointed to this body by the 
Western District Synod of Ohio, was introduced to Synod, 
and invited to a seat and vote. Rev. J. P. Cline, of the 
Virginia Synod, was invited to a seat as an advisory member. 

Rev. Martin Sondhaus, having presented an honorable 
dismission from the Pennsylvania Synod to this body, was 
received as a member. 

The name of Rev. Joel Swartz, (now Rev. Joel Swartz, 
D. D.,) having been ordained by Rev. Socrates Henkel and 
Rev. D. M. Henkel, was ordered to be enrolled in the clerical 
catalogue. 

On petition from the Lima charge, in Allen County, 
Ohio, Rev. Paul J. Stirewalt was ordained to the office of 
Pastor. 

Phanuel's Church, Rockingham County, and Bethlehem 
Church, Augusta County, Virginia, were received into 
Synod. 

For reasons regarded as sufficient, it was resolved, that 






UJTHKRAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 43 

the name of Rev. Joseph W. Hull be erased from the clerical 
catalogue, and that he be no longer regarded as a minister 
of this Synod. 

In answer to petitions and letters, in reference to dis- 
tricting this Synod, Dr. S. G. Henkel offered the following 
preamble and resolution, which were unanimously adopted : 

Inasmuch as the committee, appointed last year, to re- 
port a plan for districting the Synod, failed to report, and 
as there are letters and petitions now before Synod, in refer- 
ence to this matter, and which require our notice, therefore, 
as the best answer we can return for the present, be it 

Resolved, That, in order to meet the inconveniences 
which seem to present themselves for want of some annual 
meeting of our clergy, where young men may be examined 
and ordained, and also to give an opportunity to interchange 
views in reference to the wants of the church, and also to 
give occasion for united efforts in preaching — we would 
recommend that the members of this Synod, who reside near 
enough to each other for that purpose, hold some annual 
meeting, according to their own appointment, where they 
may transact such matters as would not seem to call for the 
united advice of Synod. This meeting might be termed a 
Special Conference. 

Rev. D. M. Henkel asked for a letter of honorable dis- 
mission, which was granted. 

Dr. S. G. Henkel submitted the following proposition 
for the consideration of this body : 

Inasmuch as the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod has been instrumental in bringing before the Lu- 
theran Church in the United States her fundamental doc- 
trines, by the translation of her Symbols into the English 
language, would it not, in order that her doctrines be 
brought before the Church more fully, be advisable that 
Luther's Church Postil be translated into the English 
language ? 

If it meet the approbation of Synod, I propose, as soon 



144 HISTORY OF THK KVANGKUCAX, 

as practicable r to procure a correct translation of tliat work,, 
and to publish it in two octavo volumes. 

Resolved, That a committee be appointed to report on 
Dr. S. G. Henkel's proposition to this body — "to publish 
as soon as practicable a correct English translation of Dr. 
Luther's Church Postil." 

The President appointed Revs. H. Wetzel, C. Spiel- 
mann, H. Goodman, and M. Sondhaus, said committee. 

The committee, Revs. H. Wetzel, H. Goodman, M. 
Sonhaus, and C. Spielmann, appointed to report on Dr. S. G. 
Henkel's proposition to publish a correct English translation 
of Luther's Church Postil, submitted the following : 

We, the committee appointed to report on the proposi- 
tion of Dr. S. G. Henkel, as to publishing Dr. Luther's 
Church Postil in the English language, respectfully submit 
the following : 

Being fully convinced of the great value and excellence 
of Luther's Church Postil, and its importance to our minis- 
ters and congregations, and being influenced by a desire 
that this great work be made accessible also to our English 
ministers and church members, be it 

Resolved i. That we learn with joy that Dr. S. G. Hen- 
kel contemplates publishing Luther's Church Postil in the 
English language. 

Resolved 2. That we will do all that we can to encourage 
and assist Dr. Henkel in this enterprise. 

This report was received and adopted. 

Dr. S. G. Henkel now addressed the Synod on the 
necessity and importance of giving an expression in regard 
to ministerial support. Whereupon, the following com- 
mittee was appointed to report in reference to this subject. 

Committee — Dr. S. G. Henkel, John Leonard, and I. 
L- Wagner. 

The committee, appointed to report on the subject of 
Ministerial Support, submitted the following : 

Inasmuch as the ministers of the Tennessee Synod have 
heretofore received from their congregations a very inade- 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 145 

quate support, so much so, that many of them have been 
compelled to resort to some other employment in order to 
be sustained, thereby, to a great extent, destroying their 
usefulness in the ministry, we respectfully submit the fol- 
lowing resolution for adoption : 

Resolved, That we remind our church members, both 
as individuals and congregations, of the teaching of the 
Word of God that the laborer is worthy of his hire, and that 
w T e appeal to them as to Christians, and with a view to their 
own best interests and the interests of their congregations, 
and the perpetuity of the preaching of the Gospel among 
them, that they see to it that their pastors be not thus neg- 
lected, and left to struggle amidst pecuniary embarrass- 
ments. We would also assure them, unless they use more 
diligence in this matter, the time will come when they will 
be deprived of the services of the faithful minister of the 
truth, and they will be visited only by wolves in sheep's 
clothing. 

On motion, the above preamble and resolution were 
unanimously adopted. 

For this year, the report shows the baptisms of 513 
infants, 46 adults, and 10 slaves, and the confirmation of 
244 persons. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Melanchthon Church, Ran- 
dolph County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the 
fourth Sunday in October, 1856. 

Thirty- sixth Session. 

This meeting convened in Melanchthon Church, Ran- 
dolph County, North Carolina, October 25, 1856. 

The officers elected were : Revs. J. K. Hancher, presi- 
dent; T. Moser, secretary; and J. M. Wagner, treasurer. 

Mr. Eli E. Smyre and Mr. Augustus R. Bennick were 
received as students of theology. 

Notice was then given, that, under certain conditions, 
petitions would be addressed to the next meeting of this 
body, for a dismission of the ministers and churches of our 



146 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Synod in North and South Carolina, from the Tennessee 
Synod, with a view to the formation of a new synod. 

After considerable discussion, on motion, the subject 
of said notice was postponed until some future period of 
this session. 

On petitions, Bible's Church or Chapel, Tennessee, 
Friendship Church, Watauga County, North Carolina, and 
Zion Church, Hardy County, Virginia (now West Virginia), 
were received. 

Deacons Christian Moretz and A. Fleenor were ordained 
to the pastoral office, and applicant John M. Smith to that 
of Deacon. 

On motion, by Rev. C. G. Reitzel, the following pre- 
amble and resolution were adopted : 

Whereas, the destitutions of our beloved Lutheran Zion 
are alarmingly great, and whereas, from the North and 
South, East and West, the Macedonian cry is annually 
coming to us, "Come over and help us," and break the 
bread of life to us and our children. And w T hereas, we 
believe that it is the Christian's duty to make provision for 
his destitute and perishing brethren, be it, therefore, 

Resolved, That this body earnestly recommend the con- 
gregations connected with this Synod, to establish congre- 
gational treasuries, for the purpose of aiding domestic 
missionaries, and young men of hopeful piety and promising 
talents, who are laboring to qualify themselves for the work 
of the Gospel Ministry in the Lutheran Church, and as a 
means of encouragement and comfort to our destitute breth- 
ren, report the result of such efforts, annually, to Synod. 

In answer to petitions prajnng for a division of this 
bod3 T , be it 

Resolved, That it be made the duty of the ministers of 
this body, to take the vote of their respective congregations, 
with a view to ascertain their wishes upon this subject, and 
report the result to the next session of S}mod ; our brethren 
present from Virginia concurring, and willing to form a 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 47 

separate organization in their State, provided the vote should 
result in favor of such organization. 

The following brethren were appointed delegates to 
sister synods : 

Rev. M. Sondhaus, to Joint Synod of Ohio; Rev. J. 
Stirewalt, Northern District Synod of Ohio; Rev. J. M. 
Wagner, Western District Synod of Ohio ; Rev. J. R. Moser, 
Missouri Synod ; Rev. J. Killian, Pennsylvania Synod; Rev. 
H. Wetzel, Eastern District Synod of Missouri. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Solomon's Church, Green 
County, Tennessee, September 26, 1857. 

During this year, as reported, there were 741 infants, 
57 adults, and 24 slaves baptized, and 752 confirmed. 

Thirty- seventh Session. 

Synod assembled in Solomon's Church, Green County, 
Tennessee, September 26, 1857. 

Revs. A. J. Fox was elected president ; J. M. Wagner, 
secretary; and H. Goodman, treasurer. 

In regard to a division of the Synod, it was resolved, 
that, under existing circumstances, it is deemed inexpedient 
at this time. 

Messrs. M. J. Stirewalt, Dr. H. H. Maxwell, J. C. 
Barb, and J. Cloninger made application to be received 
under the care of Synod as students of theology. Rev. H. 
Wetzel then offered the following preamble and resolutions, 
which were adopted : 

Whereas, it has been customary in this Synod, when 
applied to, to receive under her care, as students of theology, 
young men ; and whereas, we wish to make this as benefi- 
cial to them and as safe to ourselves as possible, therefore, 

Resolved, That young men making application to be 
received under the care of this Synod, as students of theolo- 
gy, be examined as to the motives by which they are 
prompted in seeking their way into the ministry; and the 
extent to which they are willing to qualify themselves for 
this high and holy calling. 



I4o HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Resolved, That, if any young man of good report, suit- 
able talents, and a willingness to qualify himself suitably 
for the ministry, make application as above, but has not 
the means to qualify himself, we then exert ourselves to 
secure to him the needed assistance. 

Resolved, That the examination be conducted hy a 
committee of three ministers and four laymen, and that they 
report to Synod. Whereupon the following committee was 
appointed, viz. : A. J. Brown, H. Wetzel, A. J. Fox, and 
Messrs. Jacob Keicher, John Moser, Jacob Stephens, and 
Ambrose Costner. 

We, the committee, who were to hold a Colloquium 
with Messrs. Maxwell, Cloninger, Barb, and Stirewalt who 
made application to be taken under the care of Synod as 
students of theology, have attended to that duty; and would 
report that we were pleased with the young gentlemen, and 
recommend that they be received as students of theology. 
We were gratified to learn that Messrs. Barb and Stirewalt 
have made respectable progress in literature, the latter 
having made, in addition to the Sciences and Mathematics, 
considerable progress in the languages ; and that they be 
advised to prosecute their literary studies still further. We 
recommend that Mr. Maxwell prosecute his theological 
studies under the care of some of our older ministers. 

Report received and adopted. It was then 

Resolved, That Messrs. Stirewalt, Barb, Maxwell, and 
Cloninger, be received under the care of Synod as students 
of theology. 

The Committee on Minutes reported that the Northern 
General Synod, at its session in 1857, rescinded the resolu- 
tion it passed at its session in 1839, against this Synod. 

The following committee was appointed to revise the 
Liturgy of Synod: Revs. S. Henkel, J. Killian, A. Henkel, 
A. J. Brown, J. M. Wagner, J. K. Hancher, J. R. Peterson, 
and Dr. S. G. Henkel. Upon motion, the President, Rev. 
A. J. Fox, was added to the committee. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 49 

New Jerusalem Church, Davidson County, North Caro- 
lina, was taken into connection with this Synod. 

The rules and regulations, prepared by Rev. H. Wetzel, 
were appended to the Minutes of this session of Synod. It 
was 

Resolved, That the President of Synod furnish Rev. Joel 
Swartz with a letter of honorable dismission from this Synod, 
with a view of joining one of the District Synods of Ohio. 

The following brethren were appointed delegates to 
sister synods : Rev. H. Goodman, to the Eastern District 
Synod of Ohio ; Rev. J. Stirewalt, Joint Synod of Ohio ; 
Rev. J. K. Hancher, Western District Synod of Ohio ; Rev. 
A. J. Brown, Pennsylvania Synod; Rev. J. R. Moser, 
Missouri Synod. 

Deacons J. K. Senekerand J. A. Seneker were ordained 
to the office of Pastor. 

The Parochial Report shows 677 infant baptisms, 41 
adult, and 21 slave, and 219 confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Zion's Church, Lexington 
District, South Carolina, on Friday before the third Sunday 
in October, 1858. 

Thirty-eighth Session. 

This convention met in Zion's Church, 'Lexington 
District, South Carolina, October 15, 1858. 

In the clerical catalogue of this meeting appear the 
names of Rev. George Schmucker and Rev. John H. Huuton. 
It seems the latter was ordained during a meeting of the 
Special Virginia Conference of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod, and the former was received into said 
Conference at the same time, and their names ordered to be 
enrolled in the clerical catalogue of the Synod. 

The election of officers resulted in favor of Rev. J. 
Killian, president; Rev. P. C. Henkel, secretary; and Rev. 
J. M. Wagner, treasurer. 

Rev. Samuel Rothrock, of the North Carolina Synod, 
and Revs. Prof. W. Berley and N. Aldrich, of the South 



150 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

Carolina Synod, were received as advisory members, and 
Rev. Godfrey Dreher. 

Whereas, there are petitions before this Synod praying 
for a revision of the constitution of this Synod, and whereas 
objections have been laid to this instrument before this 
meeting, be it therefore 

Resolvedj That a convention, to be composed of all the 
clerical members of this body, with a lay-delegate from 
each congregation, be conyened at Mt. Moriah Church, 
Rowan County, North Carolina, on Friday previous to the 
second Sunday in February, 1859, for the purpose of taking 
into consideration the propriety of amending or revising 
our present Synodical Constitution ; and, that if said con- 
vention can agree upon such revision or amendment, that 
then their action be carried by the different ministers to 
their respective churches, and that the I same be placed be- 
fore them ; and that said congregations send up their views 
thereupon to this session of Synod, to be held in the year 
1859, f° r h er action on the same. 

The committee, appointed at the previous session on 
the revision of the L,iturgy, having been relieved, Revs. A. 
Henkel, H. Wetzel, and S. Henkel were appointed to revise 
said Liturgy : 

The following ministers were appointed delegates to 
sister synods : Rev. J. Killian, to the Joint Synod of Ohio 
Rev. H. Wetzel, to the Eastern District Synod of Missouri 
Rev. J. R. Moser, to the Western District Synod of Missouri 
Rev. H. Goodman, to the Eastern District Synod of Ohio. 
Rev. H. Wetzel was appointed to preach the opening sermon 
at the next session of our Synod, on the subject of Pastoral 
Duty. Rev. P. C. Henkel was appointed his alternate. 

There were, according to the report, 640 infants, 56 
adults, and 29 slaves baptized, and 453 persons confirmed. 

Deacon John M. Smith was ordained Pastor, and M. J. 
Stirewalt, Deacon. 

Rev. J. L. Stirewalt was granted a letter of honorable 
dismissal. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 15 1 

Synod adjourned to meet in Bethlehem Church, Au- 
gusta County, Virginia, on Saturday before the second 
Sunday in September, 1859. 

Thirty-ninth Session. 

Saturday, September 10, 1859, Synod assembled in 
Bethlehem Church, Augusta County, Virginia. 

Rev. A. Efird was elected president ; Rev. S. Henkel, 
secretary ; and Rev. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Rev. C. Beard, of the Virginia Synod, was invited to a 
seat as an advisory member. 

With respect to the revision of the Constitution, the 
following action was taken : 

Whereas, the revision of the Constitution of this Synod, 
a matter of no little importance to the future prosperity of 
the congregations, in its connection, should receive mature 
consideration ; and, whereas, it appears from letters ad- 
dressed to this meeting of Synod, that the arrangement of 
the revision proposed by the convention appointed at the 
last session of Synod, is not satisfactory, be it, therefore, 

Resolved, That a committee be appointed, consisting of 
members of this session, present from the different sections 
of the Synod, to whom shall be referred all the papers ad- 
dressed to this meeting, bearing upon the subject; and that 
it be made the duty of said committee to examine the re- 
vision prepared by the convention, to make such arrange- 
ment of its parts as may be deemed proper, to make such 
suggestions as may be considered necessary and suitable, 
and to report to this meeting. 

On motion, a committee was appointed in accordance 
with the resolution, consisting of the following members of 
Synod: Revs. A. Efird, H. Goodman, H. Wetzel, J. Killian, 
J. Stirewalt, J. R. Peterson, M. J. Stirewalt, J. C. Barb, S. 
Henkel, Dr. S. G. Henkel, and A. Koiner, Esq. 

The report of this committee was received and adopted, 
and the revision of the Constitution, as amended by this 
committee, was taken up, and read section by section, and 



152 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

article by article, and after several slight amendments, it 
was adopted section by section and article by article. It 
was then 

Resolved ', That the revision, as amended, be appended 
to the Minutes of this meeting, and that it be made the 
duty of all the ministers in connection with this Synod to 
la}- the same before their respective congregations for their 
acceptance or rejection, and report the result of the action 
of the congregations to the next meeting of this Synod, that 
final action may be taken. 

Revs. J. R. Peterson, A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, A. 
Efird, J. Killian, A. J. Brown, and J. M. Wagner, were 
appointed a committee to draft D3 T -laws and rules of order 
for this Synod, and report them for adoption at its next 
convention. 

On motion, b}~ A. Koiner, Esq., the following preamble 
and resolution were passed : 

Whereas, Synod has heard with deep regret the inade- 
quacy of the support of our ministers, and the destitution 
of some of our congregations ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That each minister of this Synod is hereby 
requested to preach at least one sermon to each of his con- 
gregations, during the ensuing synodical year, on the duty 
of the congregations to give their ministers an adequate 
support, and also one sermon urging the claims of our desti- 
tute congregations, and the necessity of encouraging young 
men to engage in the work of the ministry. 

A letter of honorable dismission was granted Rev. M. 
Sondhaus. 

Deacon Miles J. Stirewalt was ordained to the office of 
Pastor. 

Q. S. Stirewalt and John S. Bennick were received as 
students of theology. 

During this synodical year, 669 infants, 38 adults, and 
65 slaves were baptized, and 280 persons were confirmed. 

The time for the next meeting- was Saturday before the 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 53 

third Sunday of October, i860, and the place, St. John's 
Church, Catawba County, North Carolina. 

Fortieth Session. 

Synod assembled in St. John's Church, Catawba County, 
North Carolina, on Saturday before the third Sunday of 
October, i860. 

The officers of this session were: Revs. A. J. Fox, 
president; J. R. Peterson, secretary; and J. M. Smith, 
treasurer. 

On application, Bethphage Church, Lincoln County, 
North Carolina, was received into Synod. 

The following ministers, belonging to the Synod and 
residing in the State of Tennessee, viz.: A. J. Brown, J. K. 
Hancher; J. C. Barb, J. M. Shaffer, J. Cloninger, James 
Fleenor, and J. B. Emmert, with the congregations under 
their charge, laid petitions before this meeting, for an 
honorable dismission from this body for the purpose of 
forming a new synod in Bast Tennessee. 

The following is a copy of the petitions of congrega- 
tions praying for dismission, setting forth the reasons by 
which they are influenced and the principles by which they 
intend to be guided : 

To the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, to be co?i- 
vened in St. John' s Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, 
on Saturday before the third Sunday in October, i860 : 

Dear Brethren: — We, the members of Buehler's 
Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, respectfully ask your 
reverend body to grant us an honorable dismission from the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, for the purpose of 
uniting with a new Lutheran synod to be formed in Ten- 
nessee. 

We have not taken this step hastily and rashly, but 
after long and prayerful reflection. We are satisfied that if 
a new synod be formed in this State with" proper views and 
feelings, upon the right basis, it will greatly conduce to the 



154 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

interest of the Redeemer's Kingdom in this section of His 
Moral Vineyard. In taking this important step, it is proper 
and due as an act of respect to the parent Synod, that we 
should briefly set forth the considerations by which we have 
been influenced. 

i . Our Synod is scattered over so wide an extent of 
territory as to render it at all times, when our Synod meets 
in another State, very inconvenient and expensive for our 
ministers and delegates to attend its annual meetings ; and, 
in some instances, utterly impracticable, without neglecting 
our domestic and private business. 

2. The present arrangement in regard to the places at 
wmich Synod shall convene from time to time, is such that 
we cannot have a meeting of it in our own State more than 
once in four years, thus depriving our congregations for 
three successive years of whatever advantages may result 
from a meeting of the Synod in our midst. 

3. As our Synod is at present organized, or is likely to 
be organized under any constitution that has been proposed 
for our adoption, we can transact among ourselves all the 
business ordinarily transacted, as well as it can be trans- 
acted by the whole Synod. Our principal business is to 
examine and ordain candidates for the ministry; and this 
can be done by the ministers and churches in any State 
connected with the Synod, and has been done by the breth- 
ren in Virginia for several years, and by us in Tennessee 
on one occasion, at our recent conference meeting. 

4. The wide extent of territory over which we are scat- 
tered; and the great difficulty, if not the impossibility, of 
having all the different sections of the Church fairly and 
fully represented in our synodical meetings, renders it a 
slow process to bring to an issue any important measure in 
which Sjmod may engage. Of this we have an illustration 
in the attempts which have been made to revise our Synod- 
ical Constitution. 

These, dear brethren, are some of the leading consider- 
ations which have influenced us to the pursuance of our 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 55 

present course. Others might be stated, but we deem it 
unnecessary. It may be proper to add, that we are by no 
means disaffected towards our brethren with whom we have 
been so long and pleasantly connected, with whom we have 
so often met and taken sweet counsel, and contended for 
the faith once delivered to the saints, and which is so clearly 
set forth in our venerable Augsburg Confession. Nor do 
we, in the formation of a new Synod, contemplate any 
change in the doctrinal basis upon which our Synod was 
organized, nearly half a century ago, and upon which she 
has ever since uniformly and firmly stood. Under this 
banner our Synod has already achieved many a signal and 
glorious victory, and under this she is destined still to be 
victorious. With this we are satisfied, and upon this we 
intend still to stand. 

In view of the considerations above stated, we flatter 
ourselves you will grant us an. honorable dismission from 
your venerable body. 

May the unerring spirit of God guide you in all your 
deliberations, so that they may redound to the glory of God 
and to the advancement of the Redeemer's Kingdom. 

In answer to the above petitions, the following pream- 
ble and resolution were adopted by Synod : 

Whereas, our ministerial brethren in the State of Ten- 
nessee, — A. J. Brown, J. K. Hancher, J. C. Barb, J. M. 
Shaffer, J. Cloninger, J. Fleenor, and J. B. Emmert, with 
their congregations, have asked an honorable dismission 
from this body, with a view to the formation of a new synod 
in their own State, and whereas they give us the assurance, 
that, in taking this step, they have no other object in view 
than the welfare of our beloved Lutheran Zion, and the 
more extensive dissemination of the time-honored and 
heaven-blessed doctrines of our Church; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That whilst we are sincerely sorry to sever 
the ties which have bound them to us as a part of our 
Synod, we feel it to be our duty to grant their request, with 



156 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

the fervent pra}^er, that the smiles and rich blessings of the 
Great Head of the Church may rest upon them, and that 
all their efforts to extend the Redeemer's Kingdom, may be 
crowned with abundant success. 

These ministers and congregations organized the synod, 
styled the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod of Ten- 
nessee. 

The committee, Revs. J. Killian, A. Efird, and S. 
Henkel, on revision of the Constitution, reported as follows : 

We, the committee, appointed to report on the subject 
of the Revised Constitution, respectfully submit the fol- 
lowing : 

Upon examination of the papers coming from congre- 
gations and individuals in connection with our Synod, and 
of the statements of the result of the vote taken in the con- 
gregations, in regard to the Revised Constitution, we find 
that some of them failed to take action in reference to this 
matter, as required by a resolution passed at the last meet- 
ing of our Synod ; and that the vote, as far as presented to 
Synod, resulted in favor of the revision by a very considera- 
ble majority. But after careful and mature consideration, 
your committee are constrained to believe that, in view of 
the present aspect of things, it is inexpedient at this time 
to take final action on the Revised Constitution ; and, 

Whereas, it might leave the impression, that the con- 
fessional basis, as set forth in the second article of the 
Revised Constitution, influenced this action ; and, whereas, 
this might detract from the character of the Synod for 
orthodoxy, and be construed as a rejection of our confes- 
sional basis, your committee would earnestly recommend 
the passage of the following resolution : be it 

Resolved, That this Synod adopts as its basis the fol- 
lowing, and that the ministers belonging to this Synod 
subscribe it : 

1. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings of the 
Old and New Testaments, alone, shall be the only rule and 
standard of doctrine and church discipline. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 57 

2. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 
the Holy Scriptures, in regard to faith and practice, this 
Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols of the Church, — 
the Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds, —and the 
Unaltered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also 
the other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, (namely, the Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the 
Small and Large Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula of 
Concord) as a true and Scriptural declaration of the doc- 
trines taught in the said Augsburg Confession. 

The report was adopted. 

A committee, consisting of Rev. Messrs. A. J. Fox, J. 
M. Smith, and T. Moser, was appointed to examine and 
ordain brother K. E. Smyre, at Phanuel's Church, Rowan 
County, North Carolina. 

The committee, appointed at the last Synod to prepare 
a Code of By-Laws and Rules of Order for Synod, was con- 
tinued, after striking off the names of Rev. Messrs. A. J. 
Brown and J. M. Wagner. The committee thus consisted of 
Rev. J. R. Peterson, Rev. A. J. Fox, Rev. P. C. Henkel, 
Rev. A. Efird, and Rev. J. Killian. 

A committee, consisting of Rev. A. Henkel, Rev. S. 
Henkel, and Dr. S. G. Henkel, was appointed to collect all 
historical facts relating to the confessional basis of this 
Synod, and report to the next meeting. 

According to the Parochial Report, 649 infants, 39 
adults, and 29 slaves were baptized, and 452 persons were 
confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. John's Church, Lexing- 
ton District, South Carolina, November 9, 1861. 

During this decade, 19 ministers were ordained, 2 re- 
ceived on letters, the name of 1 was erased from the 
clerical roll, 3, besides those residing in Tennessee, were 
dismissed to other synods, 26 churches were received, 6,634 
infants were baptized, 445 adults, and 244 slaves, and 3,647 
persons were confirmed. These are the numbers of bap- 
tisms and confirmations shown by the Parochial Reports, 



I58 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

which are by no means full ; perhaps, not more than two- 
thirds w T ere really reported. 

FIFTH DECADE. 

Forty-first Session. 

Synod met in St. John's Church, Lexington District, 
South Carolina, on Saturday before the second Sunday in 
November, 1861. 

The officers elected were : Revs. A. Efird, president ; 
J. M. Smith, secretary; and M. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Revs. J. Moser, Prof. J. P. Smeltzer, Prof. J. M. 
Schreckhise, D. M. Blackwelder, and Smithdeal, of the 
South Carolina Synod, were received as advisory members. 

Rev. John H. Hunton was granted a dismission to the 
Pittsburgh Synod. 

The Committee on Rules of Order reported. The re- 
port was received and adopted, and ordered to be appended 
to the Minutes. 

Messrs. D. E. Fox and L. A. Fox were received as 
theological students. I, Conder was ordained. 

A convention, having been called to meet in Salisbury, 
North Carolina, May, 1862, composed of delegates from the 
Southern Synods, the Synod appointed Revs. A. J. Fox, B. 
K. Smyre, of North Carolina, and Revs. J. Killian and S. 
Henkel, of Virginia, to represent it in that convention. 

The Parochial Report, only eight ministers reporting, 
shows 346 infant baptisms, 44 adult, and 18 slave, and 358 
confirmations. 

In regard to the time and place for the next meeting, 
it was 

Resolved, That in consequence of the political troubles 
of our country, and as Virginia is so near the seat of war, 
and as we know not when our troubles will end, when 
Synod adjourns, it adjourn to meet in Grace Church, Ca- 
tawba County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the first 
Sunday in October, 1862. 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 59 

Forty-second Session. 

Synod convened in Grace Church, Catawba County, 
North Carolina, on Saturday before the first Sunday in 
October, 1862. 

The following persons were elected officers of Synod: 
Revs. T. Moser, president; J. M. Stirewalt, secretary; and 
Thomas Grouse, treasurer. 

In consequence of the political troubles and conflicts 
and the War between the States, the convention called to 
meet in Salisbury, North Carolina, failed to convene ; and 
for the same reasons, the members of Virginia, Tennessee, 
and Missouri, whose presence, under these circumstances, 
was not expected, were excused for their non-attendance. 

The By-Iyaws and Rules of Order, not meeting the 
general approbation of the congregations, were rescinded. 
Mr. D. B. Fox, after examination by Rev. P, C. Henkel, 
was licensed to preach. 

The Parochial Report, only seven ministers reporting, 
shows 412 infant baptisms, 39 adult, and 8 slave, and 306 
confirmations. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. John's Church, Cataw- 
ba County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the third 
Sunday of October, 1863. 

After the adjournment of Synod, the Secretary being 
informed of the death of Deacon Jacob Costner, and an 
obituary being submitted to him, he ordered it to be ap- 
pended to the Minutes, as follows : 

Obituary of Rev. Jacob Costner. — The Rev. Jacob Costner was 
born August 27th, 1788, and departed this mortal life March 19th, 
1862, at the advanced age of 72 years, 7 months, and 2 days. He in- 
termarried with Mary Ann Rudisill, December 10th, 1810, who bore 
him ten children, five of whom preceded him to eternity. 

Mr. Costner was born of pious parents who dedicated their son to 
God in infancy, by the Sacrament of Holy Baptism, and at an early 
age he was admitted to full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church by the rite of confirmation. In Mr. Costner's early life, the 
scarcity of ministers in the Lutheran Church was very great, and he 
was ordained to the office of Deacon, as it was then established in the 



l6o HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, but from causes not clearly- 
understood by the writer, he never labored in the ministry. Mr, 
Costner was warmly attached to the Church of his fathers, and was 
active in the performance of whatever he considered his duty, and so> 
long as strength permitted, his place in the congregation was never 
vacant ; but for a number of years before his death, his strength so far 
failed as to prevent his regular attendance upon the public ministra- 
tions of the Gospel. His concern, however, for the prosperity of the 
Church continued unabated, and,, as he neared the grave, his prospects 
for heaven grew T brighter. The writer visited him during the somewhat 
protracted and painful sickness which terminated his earthly existence,. 
and had opportunities of hearing from him expressions of a well- 
grounded hope of acceptance with God. 

In all the relations of life, Mr. Costner was exemplary. He was 
an affectionate husband, a kind and indulgent father, and a useful 
citizen. 

Forty-third Session. 

Pursuant to adjournment, Synod assembled in St, 
John's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 
17, 1863. 

The election for officers resulted in favor of Revs. J. R. 
Peterson, president; J. M. Smith, secretary; and M. J. 
Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Rev. H. Goodman gave notice, that, at a suitable time, 
he would call the attention of Synod to the importance of 
missionary work in the Confederate Army, during the War 
between the States, which commenced in the spring of 
1 86 1, and ended in the spring of 1865, — four years. 

This matter being brought up, a committee of four, 
consisting of Revs. A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, H. Goodman, 
and Mr. J. F. Plonk, was appointed, to propose a plan for 
such work. After consideration, this committee submitted 
the following : 

Whereas, this Synod is fully aware of the great neces- 
sity of doing something to supply our own soldiers in the 
Confederate Army with the preaching of the Gospel by our 
ministers, 

Resolved 1. That we establish an Army Mission in the 
following manner: Let as many ministers in connection 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. l6l 

with this Synod as will subscribe this resolution, be obli- 
gated to perform missionary labors in the Confederate Army, 
for the period of one month in each year, if our funds and 
the situation of the army will permit. 

Resolved 2. That two ministers go at the same time, 
and that in rotation, being chosen by lot at each annual 
meeting of Synod. 

Resolved 3. That their expenses, at least, be defined 
by donations obtained from the congregations by solicitation. 

Resolved 4. That those ministers, having performed 
such missionary visits as herein required, shall make a re- 
turn of their traveling expenses to a treasurer hereinafter 
provided, w T ho shall pay said expenses out of the funds he 
may have in hands for said purpose. 

Resolved 5. That a treasurer be appointed whose duty 
it shall be to receive such money as may be collected for 
the purpose herein stated. 

Resolved 6. That it be the duty of the ministers, asso- 
ciated with this enterprise, to take up collections in their 
several congregations, semi-annually ; and that they for- 
ward said collections to the treasurer. 

This was received and adopted. Moses Harmon, Esq., 
New T ton, Catawba County, North Carolina, was elected 
treasurer of the mission funds, and Rev. P. C. Henkel as 
corresponding secretary with the army and ministers, to 
secure information as to the points and times best suited 
for such work. 

The committee to bring up the Revised Constitution 
for the consideration of this body, handed in the following : 

Whereas, it was made our duty to prepare and submit 
to Synod a suitable plan for the revision of the Constitution 
of Synod, we, your committee, beg leave to submit the 
following : 

That a session of S3 r nod convene at Zion Church, on 
Saturday before the 4th Sunday in March, 1864, at which 
time it is contemplated to consider the propriety or impro- 
priety of adopting the Constitution submitted to Synod at 



1 62 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

her session in i860, with such suitable amendments as may 
be agreed upon, which shall then be printed and submitted 
to the different congregations, in connection with the Ten- 
nessee Synod, for their approval, amendment, or rejection. 

We, the ministers and lay-delegates of the present 
Synod, unanimously and most earnestly entreat the minis- 
ters and congregations, not represented in the present session 
of Synod, seriously to consider this matter, and such minis- 
ters to be present, and such congregations to be represented, 
each, by one lay-delegate. 

This report was received and adopted. 

Messrs. L. A. Fox and D. K. Fox were authorized, in 
special cases, to exercise the functions of a pastor. 

David S. Henkel and David A. Goodman were received 
as theological students. It was ordered, that 1,500 copies 
of the Minutes be printed, and that a work, entitled ' ' A 
Few Fragments on Regeneration," by the late Rev. David 
Henkel, be printed in connection with the Minutes for cir- 
culation in the Confederate Army. 

The Parochial Report, only seven reporting, shows 193 
infant baptisms, 8 adult, and 14 slave, and 214 confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Mark's Church, Gaston 
County, North Carolina, on Saturday before the second 
Sunday in October, 1864. 

Forty -fo u rth Session . 

This session of Synod Was held in St. Mark's Church, 
Gaston County, North Carolina, commencing October 8, 
1864. 

The officers elected were : Revs. J. M. Smith, president ; 
A. J. Fox, secretary; and M. J. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Rev. J. R. Peterson introduced the following preamble 
and resolutions, w r hich, after a free interchange of opinions, 
were unanimously adopted. 

Feeling, as we do, the great want of a religious peri- 
odical in the families of our connection, and as the Southern 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 63 

Lutheran is the only paper of Lutheran character now pub- 
lished in the Confederate States, be it, therefore, 

Resolved, That this Synod most cheerfully recommend 
the Southern Lutheran to the families composing our con- 
gregations, and that the ministers connected with this Synod 
be encouraged to introduce it into our families. 

Resolved, That a collection be taken immediately after 
the sermon to-day for the purpose of sending the Lutheran 
to the soldiers. 

The matter in regard to the adoption of the Revised 
Constitution being brought up, it was resolved, that final 
action on that matter be deferred till the next meeting. 

Licentiate L. A. Fox was ordained to the office of 
Pastor, and applicants D. S. Henkel and D. A. Goodman 
were licensed to perform the functions of the ministry. 

The Parochial Report for this year shows 2,187 infant 
baptisms, 13 adult, and 26 colored, and 261 confirmations. 
Ten ministers reported, and the presumption is, that some 
of them reported for several years. 

Synod decided to meet in its next convention, in St. 
Peter's Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, October 

21, 1865. 

Forty -fifth Session . 

This meeting assembled in St. Peter's Church, Catawba 
County, North Carolina, October 21-24, T ^5- 

The following officers were elected: Revs. J. R. Peter- 
son, president ; C. Moretz, secretary; and J. M. Smith, 
treasurer. 

Philadelphia Church, Caldwell County, and Pizgah 
Church, Alexander County, North Carolina, were received 
into Synod. 

In regard to the Revised Constitution, final action was 
deferred till the next annual meeting of Synod. 

Rev. A. J. Fox gave notice, that he would, some time 
during this session of Synod, bring to its notice the subject 
of publicly licensing young men for the ministry. 






164 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

When this subject was brought up, a committee, con- 
sisting of Revs. A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, and T. Moser, 
was appointed to draft a licensure. The form was submit- 
ted in due time, and ordered to be printed in connection 
with the Minutes. 

Previous to the year 1862, Synod did not practice the 
licensure policy, and it continued that policy for only a 
few years. The contingencies of the Civil War gave rise to 
that system, so far as this Synod is concerned. 

D. K. Fox was ordained to the office of Pastor, and 
David S. Henkel and David A. Goodman were licensed for 
one year. 

During the year, according to the report, only eight 
ministers reporting, 282 infants, 21 adults, and 2 colored, 
were baptized, and 156 confirmed. 

The time and place for the next meeting were, Thurs- 
day before the fourth Sunday in October, 1866, and Beck's 
Church, Davidson County, North Carolina. 

Forty- sixth Session. 

This session of Synod convened in Beck's Church, 
Davidson County, North Carolina, October 25, 1866. 

Revs. A. Efird was elected president ; L. A. Fox, sec- 
retary ; and J. M. Smith, treasurer. 

Rev. A. J. Fox suggested the propriety of organizing 
conferences in the Synod. 

The ministers and congregations in Virginia, in con- 
nection with the Tennessee S3mod, having already organized 
a conference in that State, called the Virginia .Conference 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, the ministers 
and congregations in North Carolina were divided into three 
conferences, designated the Eastern, the Middle, and South- 
ern Conferences, and the ministers and congregations in 
South Carolina were formed into a conference, called the 
South Carolina Conference of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod. These conferences were not allowed to 
transact any business which property belonged to the Synod. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 65 

Rev. A. J. Fox offered the following which was 
adopted : 

Commission to the General Synod of North America. 

Whereas, The Evangelical Lutheran Church in the 
Southern States, is, when compared with other branches of 
the great Christian family, but a very feeble body, and 
feeble as it is, is divided into nine or ten small synods, em- 
bracing in the aggregate not more than 200 ministers and 
350 churches with about 35,000 communicant members ; and, 

Whereas, We firmly believe in union there is strength, 
but in division there is weakness ; and, 

Whereas, The central point in the Lutheran Church is 
her doctrinal standards, to which she must firmly cling or 
cease to exist, and five of these Southern synods having 
united themselves in a body known as the General Synod 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, 
and adopted as her doctrinal basis the Augsburg Confession 
of Faith ; and, 

Whereas, We, as a Synod, are anxious to do all we can 
to promote the interests of true Evangelical Lutheranism, 
and we think this can be done best by uniting the energies 
and resources of the Symbo!ical Lutheran Church in these 
States ; therefore, 

Resolved, That one of our most experienced and influ- 
ential ministers be appointed a commissioner to meet the 
next regular meeting of the "General Synod, &c," to con- 
vene in Staunton, Va., in May, 1867, and to confer with that 
body upon the practicability and possibility of uniting our 
Synod with said General Synod, and to report to the next 
session of this Synod the result of any conferences he may 
have with the General Synod or any of her authorized com- 
mittees. Afterward this Synod shall take such steps as she 
shall determine best. This commissioner shall observe the 
following instructions in all his intercourse with the General 
Synod : this Synod proposes a union with the General Synod 
upon these conditions, viz. : That the General Synod pledge 



1 66 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

herself that no church journal or book shall be published,, 
or other publications shall ever be made by her order or un- 
der her sanction that contains anything contrar}^ to any 
article of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession of Faith, and 
that no professor shall be appointed in any Theological 
Seminary who will not solemnly promise to teach correctly 
all the doctrines of said Confession, and that no Synod shall 
ever be received into her connection who' does not without 
any reservation subscribe the said Confession ; and further, 
with this distinct understanding upon her part, that, if at 
any time in the judgment of the delegates who represent this 
Synod, the General Synod shall violate the above principles 
our delegates may withdraw from that session to report to 
the next session of this Synod whose action alone shall de- 
termine the future course of this Synod in relation to the 
General Synod. 

The Synod proceeded to ballot for the commissioner. — 
Rev. Dr. A. J. Fox was chosen principal and Rev. J. R. 
Peterson, alternate. 

The following action was taken in regard to a church 
paper, called Evangelical Lutheran : Inasmuch as we feel 
the great necessity of a good Lutheran Church journal cir- 
culating among our people, but not feeling ourselves able 
in the present crippled condition of pecuniary affairs to com- 
mence the publication of such a paper now, and as there is 
a weekly paper purporting to be strictly and symbolically 
Lutheran (at least in doctrinal features), published in Char- 
lotte, N. C, in which we find some things, it is true, of a 
practical character which we cannot endorse, yet in view of 
the above stated facts and some other things we, for the 
present, 

Resolve, To approve the circulation of the Evangelical 
Lutheran among our people. 

Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, having sent to Synod a copy of 
resolutions passed by the Virginia Special Conference, pray- 
ing for the advice of this S}mod in regard to the formation 
of a new synod in Virginia, based upon the "time-honor- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 67 

ed and established doctrines and usages of the Lutheran 
Church;" the following action was taken : 

Whereas, The ministers and congregations, in connec- 
tion with this Synod who are located in the great Valley of 
Virginia, have expressed a desire to organize themselves 
into a separate synod, although we regret to separate from 
those with whom we have been for so many years associated, 
yet in view of the reasons presented by them, and the great 
distance that separates us from them and, consequently, the 
difficulty of meeting as often as the interest of the Church 
requires ; therefore, 

Resolved, That we approve, unanimously, the measure 
proposed hy these brethren, and advise them to organize as 
soon as possible with such constitution and other regula- 
tions as may not be inconsistent with the Word of God and 
the Symbolical Books of the Lutheran Church, and promise 
them that as soon as the President shall be officially inform- 
ed that this has-been done, he will give them an honorable 
dismission from this Synod, with a distinct understanding, 
however, that a regular correspondence be maintained by 
the interchange of delegates or by the formation of some 
central organization. 

The death of Rev. D. E. Fox having been announced 
in the President's Report, a committee, consisting of Revs. 
I. Conder and J. M. Smith, was appointed to prepare suita- 
ble resolutions relative to him. The following was submitted : 

Memorial of Rev. D. E. Fox, 
who departed this life, September 4, 1866; aged 31 years. 

Whereas, It has pleased the Great Head of the Church, 
since our last session of Synod, to remove from our midst 
our beloved brother, Rev. D. E. Fox ; therefore, 

Resolved 1. That by this afflicting dispensation we have 
lost a wortlty young brother, who had labored but a short 
time in his Master's vineyard. 

Resolved 2. That, notwithstanding our deep regret for 



1 68 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

liis removal and the loss to our Church, since it has resulted 
in his everlasting gain, we bow in humble resignation to 
the will of God. 

Resolved 3. That we deeply sympathize with his afflict- 
ed wife in her bereavement, and commend her to Him, who 
is the husband of the widow, and makes all things work 
together for good to them that love God. 

Resolved 4. That these resolutions be incorporated with 
the Minutes of this Synod, that a copy be sent to the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran for publication, and a copy, also, to the 
bereaved wife of the deceased. 

It was adopted by rising and standing in silence. 

M. L. Fox, M. D., was received under the care of Synod 
as an applicant for the ministry. 

Spanish Grove Church, Forsythe County, North Caro- 
lina, was received. 

Relative to the Revised Constitution and the Rules of 
Order and By-Laws, the following action was taken : Inas- 
much as the Revised Constitution, prepared by the Extra 
Session of this Synod convened in Zion Church, Catawba 
County, N. C, on the 26th day of March, 1864, upon which 
final action was postponed by the regular session in 1864, 
and again in 1865 to the present session, has been approved 
by a large majority of the congregations of our Synod ; be 
it, therefore, 

Resolved, That it is and shall be, until altered, amended, 
or disapproved by this Synod in the manner provided for in 
its last article, the organic law of this Synod. 

Resolved, That the Rules of Order and By-Laws, which 
have been read and approved, rule by rule, and section by 
section, be now adopted as a whole, and, henceforth, until 
altered or amended as provided for in the last article, be in 
full force and effect in the Synod. 

A delegate was appointed to the next convention of 
the Holston Synod. 

With respect to the Freedmen, the following action 
was taken : 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 69 

Whereas, The colored people among us no longer sus- 
tain the vsame relation to the white man they did formerly, 
and that -change has transferred the individual obligations 
and responsibility of owners to the whole Church ; and, 

Whereas, Some of them were formerly members of our 
congregations and still claim membership in them, but ow- 
ing to the plainly marked distinctions which God has made 
between us and them, giving different colors, &c, it is felt 
by us, and them also, that there ought to be separate places 
of worship, and, also, separate ecclesiastical organizations, 
so that every one could worship God with the least possible 
embarrassment ; and 

Whereas, These colored people are considered firm ad- 
herents to our Church, and we feel it our imperative duty to 
assist them in adopting such measures as will meet best the 
necessities of their present condition ; be it, therefore, 

Resolved 1 . That whenever any of our colored brethren 
desire to preach, they may make application to some one of 
the ministers of our Synod, who shall inform the President, 
when it shall be the President's duty to appoint two or- 
dained ministers who, in connection with two laymen whom 
they may choose, shall constitute a committee to examine 
the candidate upon his motives and mental and moral qual- 
ification, and, if they are satisfied, to license him to preach, 
catechise, baptize, and celebrate the rites of matrimony 
among those of his own race, according to the usages of 
our Church, until the next regular session of Synod there- 
after, when said committee shall report. This license, 
however, does not authorize them to preach in our churches, 
or take part in our ecclesiastical meetings; nevertheless 
they are permitted to worship with us as heretofore, yet we 
advise them to erect houses for themselves in which they 
may worship. 

Resolved 2. That we will use every reasonable means 
to aid them in organizing and building up congregations. 

Thomas Fry, a freedman, having frequently expressed 
a desire to preach, the President, in compliance with the 



I70 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

resolution given above, appointed Rev. P. C. Henkel and 
Rev. J. M. Smith as the clerical half of a committee to ex- 
amine and, if found qualified, to license him. 

This year, only about half of the ministers reporting, 
322 infants and 20 adults were baptized, and 217 confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Cedar Grove Church, 
Lexington District, South Carolina, on Thursday before 
the fourth Sunday in September, 1867. 

Forty-seventh Session. 

This meeting was held in Cedar Grove Church, Lex- 
ington District. South Carolina, commencing September 
19, 1867. 

The officers elected were : Revs. A. J. Fox, president ; 
J. R. Peterson, secretary; Daniel Efird, corresponding secre- 
tary; and David S. Henkel, treasurer. 

Revs. J. H. Bailey, E. Kaughman, A. W. Lindler, and 
Prof. J. P. Smeltzer, of the South Carolina Synod, were 
received as advisory members. 

Sardis Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, was 
received in connection with Synod. 

Rev. Prof. Smeltzer addressed the Synod in regard to 
the interests of Newberry College and Theological Seminary, 
South Carolina. Synod took favorable action relative to 
these institutions. 

The President stated in his message, that he had ex- 
tended the license of D. S. Henkel, and that he had given 
Rev. J. M. Wagner an honorable dismissal to the Holston 
Synod. These acts were approved. 

The commissioner, appointed to attend the Southern 
Lutheran General Synod, which was held in Staunton, 
Virginia, in 1867, reported. It seems he fully carried out 
his mission, and kept within the limits of his instructions. 
He spoke in the highest terms of the manner in which he 
was received and treated by that body. He appeared to be 
well satisfied with the sentiments of that Synod, as ex- 
pressed during his sojourn among its members. He then 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 171 

submitted the following report of a committee, appointed by 
said General Synod, to confer with the said commissioner : 

The committee, appointed to confer with the Rev. Dr. 
Fox, as a commissioner from the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod, have advised with him in reference to a 
union of that Synod with this body. 

We, with pleasure, report that the interview afforded 
us satisfactory evidence of the truly Christian character of 
the Synod which Dr. Fox represents, and the high princi- 
ples of integrity and church love which animates them in 
the propositions made to this General Synod ; therefore, 

Resolved, That we will cordially receive said Synod as 
an integral part of this body on the truly Lutheran basis 
which we have adopted, and in accordance with which we 
feel bound as an ecclesiastical bod}' to withhold our sanction 
or imprimatur from any religious publication of whatever 
form, which shall inculcate principles opposed to the doc- 
trines of the Augsburg Confession as construed and defended 
by our Church in her Symbolical writings. 

Resolved, That we feel ourselves in like manner bound 
to appoint or employ no Professor in our Theological 
schools who shall teach doctrines at variance with our time 
honored Confession. 

In regard to this report, a committee was appointed to 
give an expression relative to it. The committee submitted 
the following : 

Inasmuch as the question of a union between this body 
and the General Synod in North America is one of very 
grave importance, and should be well and maturely consid- 
ered, your Committee upon the Report of the Commissioner 
to the General Synod have examined the matter in all its 
bearings ; and inasmuch as but a very small number of our 
ministers are present, and comparatively few congregations 
represented in this meeting ; and inasmuch as our brethren 
residing in Virginia may fail to effect an organization in 
that State, we would therefore recommend that a Committee 
of five, three ministers, of whom the President shall be one, 



172 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

and two laymen, be appointed to collect all the facts they 
can in relation to this contemplated union, and report them 
to the next annual meeting of Synod, that decisive action 
may then be taken. 

The foregoing report was adopted, and the following 
committee appointed : Revs. J. R. Peterson, P. C. Henkel, 
A. J. Fox, and Messrs. A. Costner and M. L. Cline. 

Feeling the great necessity of making suitable religious 
impressions upon the minds of the children of our congre- 
gations ; therefore, it was 

Resolved, That the ministers of our connection be re- 
quested to endeavor to get up and encourage Sunday schools, 
in all their congregations, and report their success to the 
Committee on the State of the Church, some time previous 
to each annual meeting of Synod. 

License was granted M. L. Fox, M. D., to perform the 
functions of the ministry. 

The Parochial Report shows 340 infant and 14 adult 
baptisms and 257 confirmations. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Salem Church, Lincoln 
County, North Carolina, September 24, 1868. 

Forty-eighth Session. 

Synod assembled, pursuant to adjournment, in Salem 
Church, Lincoln County, North Carolina, September 24, 
1868. 

The election of officers resulted in favor of Rev. J. M. 
Smith, president; Rev. C. Moretz, recording secretary; Rev. 
A. J. Fox, corresponding secretary; and Rev. T. Moser, 
treasurer. 

Rev. G. D. Bernheim, of the North Carolina Synod, 
w 7 as received as an advisory member. 

During the meeting of the Southern General Synod, at 
Newberry, South Carolina, in 1868, the Holston Synod was 
admitted. 

It appears from the proceedings of this session of the 
Tennessee Synod, that the Northern General Synod, at its 









LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 173 

meeting in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in its twenty-third 
session, adopted the Augsburg Confession. The committee 
of the Tennessee Synod, in reporting on the Minutes of the 
said General Synod, say the General Synod may have made 
advances in the right direction, but it does not yet seem to 
reach the sound Lutheran faith. 

Well, it may appear rather singular that a general body, 
claiming to be Lutheran, should have failed to adopt the 
Augsburg Confession till its twenty-third session. Is it 
any wonder that there was a continual conflict between it 
and the Tennessee Synod, which was and is strictly con- 
fessional ? 

Rev. Miles J. Stirewalt, Augusta Station, Indiana, re- 
ceived an honorable dismission to the English District of 
the Joint Synod of Ohio. 

The President, in his message, calls attention to the 
condition of the Church in the Valley of Virginia, caused 
by an attempt to organize a new synod in that section, 
called the Concordia Synod of Virginia, and recommends a 
suitable committee to be appointed to investigate that 
matter, and report the result of their investigation. The 
committee was appointed, and submitted the following 
report : 

We, the committee, appointed to take into consideration 
the relation sustained by the body claiming the title of 
"Evangelical Lutheran Concordia Synod of Virginia," to 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and to give an 
expression of Synod in regard to this matter, beg leave to 
submit the following : 

Whereas, In the year 1866, application was made to 
our Synod by the brethren in the Valley of Virginia, to 
form a synod in that locality; and, whereas, such request 
was granted to these brethren, accompanied with a promise 
contained in a preamble and resolution passed by our Synod 
in regard to this matter, that, as soon as an organization 
should be effected in accordance with said preamble and 
resolution, an honorable dismission from our Synod would 



174 HISTORY OF THE KVANGEIylCAI, 

be granted these brethren ; and, whereas, an effort was 
made to form a regularly constituted synod, but the object 
contemplated failed ; and, whereas, the Revs. H. Wetzel, 
G. Schmucker, and J. K. Seneker, with several congrega- 
tions, united themselves into a body, styled "The Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Concordia Synod of Virginia," thereby 
disturbing the peace and prosperity of the Church in that 
section of our Synod, the other brethren dissenting ; and, 
whereas, the Rev. H. Wetzel has denied the jurisdiction of 
our. Synod over him, and as no request has been made by 
the other brethren, who entered the said organization, for 
an honorable dismission from our Synod ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That this Synod disapprove of the course 
pursued by these brethren in this matter, and that their 
names be retained in our clerical catalogue until they 
properly apply for an honorable dismission, or announce 
their withdrawal from it. 

This report w T as received and adopted. 

Several years afterwards, efforts were made to make an 
impression on the public mind, that a difference in doctrine 
between the ministers in the Valley of Virginia, in connec- 
tion with the Tennessee Synod, gave rise to the organization 
of the new synod formed in the Valley of Virginia, and 
called the Concordia Synod of Virginia. But these efforts 
failed. For the fact is, there was not, at the time of its 
organization, one word said about differences in doctrine, 
and all the ministers of the Tennessee Synod, in the Valley 
of Virginia, with delegates representing their congregations, 
were notified of the time and place agreed upon for such 
organization, and invited to be present and participate in 
its organization ; and when the time came for such organi- 
zation, and none of the ministers in Virginia, of the Ten- 
nessee Synod, except Revs. H. Wetzel, J. E. Seneker, and 
George Schmucker, appeared, Rev. H. Wetzel, be it said to 
his praise, opposed the contemplated organization, but was 
overruled. Since that time, all the churches in the Valley 
of Virginia, except two, which went into that organization, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 175 

have returned to the Tennessee Synod, and now stand in 
its connection. One of the churches that did not return, 
now stands independent of any synod, and is served by a 
Missouri Synod preacher, whilst the other one stands in 
connection with what is called the Concordia District 
of Ohio. Rev. H. Wetzel was ultimately received again in 
connection with the Tennessee Synod, and Rev. J. E. 
Seneker, a year or so before his death, spoke of. returning 
to this Synod ; and even Rev. George Schmucker finally 
expressed a preference for this Synod, stating that he neither 
could conscientiously, nor would he, submit to some of the 
regulations of the new order of things. 

That Concordia Synod, having changed its tactics a 
time or two, finalty drifted into what is now called the 
Concordia District of Ohio, and so far as the material taken 
from the Tennessee Synod is concerned, it consists of several 
congregations in West Virginia, a few fragments in Vir- 
ginia, and a few, of the fragments in North Carolina which 
were broken off by the withdrawal of Rev. Adam Miller, 
Jr., who was resting under grave charges of immorality, 
and was in the very act of being suspended by the Synod 
when he withdrew. 

With respect to the President's recommendation, that 
an effort be made to reunite all the ministers and congrega- 
tions who have formerly been in her connection, with those 
now in it, with a view of forming the Synod into district 
synods, and out of these district synods, a joint synod, and 
that a committee be appointed to take this matter into 
immediate consideration, the committee on his message 
recommended, that such committee be appointed to give 
that matter proper attention. The committee suggested 
was appointed, and consisted of Revs. P. C. Henkel, A. J. 
Fox, and T. Moser, Messrs. A. Costner and F. 1^. Herman. 

Rev. N. Aldrich presented his credentials as a delegate 
from the North Carolina Synod, and was received as such. 
Rev. J. M. Smith was chosen as a delegate to the next con- 
vention of the North Carolina Synod. 



176 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

On the reception of Rev. N. Aldrich, there were mutual, 
fraternal greetings, upon which Rev. G. D. Bernheim made 
some of the most eulogistic remarks respecting the charac- 
ter and high orthodox standing of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod, and the indebtedness of Lutheranism in 
America to her. 

Revs. S. Henkel, J. Stirewalt, and J. Killian were ap- 
pointed a committee to report on the Book of Worship, at 
the next meeting of Synod. 

With respect to re-districting North Carolina into con- 
ferences, Synod voted unanimously, that the conference 
embrace all ministers and churches in North Carolina, be- 
longing to the Tennessee Synod, and that its name be the 
North Carolina Conference of the Tennessee Synod. 

The committee, on union with the General Synod of 
North America (Southern General Synod), not having had 
time to give the matter proper attention, were continued. 

Rev. L. A. Fox received an honorable dismission to 
the Southwestern Virginia Synod. 

Messrs. John S. Bennick and William H. Swaney were 
received as Licentiates. 

The Committee, appointed to prepare a plan for the 
reconstruction of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Syn- 
od, from the limited time they had to consider the 
matter, did not feel themselves fully prepared to mature a 
plan which would fully meet the necessity of the case, but 
respectfully submitted that it is the opinion of the Committee 
that a committee of one be appointed to open a correspond- 
ence with some of the most prominent members of the 
Holston Synod upon this subject, and that Synod be re- 
spectfully invited to consider this matter in her next annual 
convention ; and that this committee of one report the result 
of his correspondence to the next meeting of this Synod ; 
and that the Virginia Conference be requested to take up 
the subject of organizing themselves into a branch synod, 
and lay the same before the next meeting of this Synod. 

As recommended above, Synod appointed the Corres- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 177 

ponding Secretary a committee of one to open the corres- 
pondence with prominent members of the Holston Synod. 

The committee, Rev. S. Henkel, Rev. T. Moser, and 
Mr. A. Costner, appointed to report in reference to the publi- 
cation of the Epistles, contained in Dr. Martin Luther's 
Church Postil, now in manuscript in the English language, 
and in the possession of parties at New Market, Virginia, 
submitted the following : 

In regard to this subject, we recommend, that a call be 
made by the Synod on those parties, to make arrangements 
for the publication of those sermons in what they may con- 
ceive to be the most judicious and practicable manner, at as 
early a period as possible, and that the Synod give such 
enterprise their heartfelt co-operation and support in the 
circulation of the work. 

The Parochial Report shows 454 infant and 29 adult 
baptisms, and 343 confirmations. 

The place and time for the next meeting were Emman- 
uel Church, New Market, Virginia, and Friday before the 
first full moon in October, 1869. 

Forty-ninth Session. 

Synod convened, in its forty-ninth session, in Emman- 
uel Church, New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, 
October 15, 1869. 

The officers for this meeting were : Revs. T. Miller, 
president; S. Henkel, recording secretary; A. J. Fox, cor- 
responding secretary; and J. S. Bennick, treasurer. 

Rev. D. M. Henkel was received as delegate from the 
Pennsylvania Synod. On motion, the following resolution 
was adopted : 

Resolved, That this Synod hail with joy the appearance 
of Dr. Luther's Church Postil on the Epistles, in the English 
language, published by the New Market Evangelical Lu- 
theran Publishing Company, New Market, Virginia, and 
that each minister is hereby earnestly requested to recom- 
mend this work to his people. * 



178 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

The Committee on Union with the General Synod 
South, was continued. 

The Committee on Joint Synod not being prepared to 
make a report, recommended that a committee of five, three 
ministers and two laymen, be appointed to take charge of 
the matter. 

A committee of two ministers and one lay man was ap- 
pointed, to report at some future session of this meeting in 
regard to that matter. The following is the report of this 
committee : 

Your committee, Revs. A. J. Fox and J. Killian, on 
the subject of a Joint Synod or Branch Synods, have ex- 
amined the matter, as far as we have had opportunity, and 
regard such an organization as very desirable, provided 
some safe ground of union can be traced out, and we regard 
this as at least possible. We regard the calling of a con- 
vention of all concerned, at as early a day as practicable, as 
the best plan, and would, therefore, propose to our brethren 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod, to meet us, in 
convention, as soon after the rising of this Synod in the 
year 1870, as may be convenient, in Grace Church, Catawba 
County, North Carolina, as this is one of the most central 
points. And that they then enter into a free conference 
with us, upon this subject, and endeavor to agree upon 
some safe plan by which the end may be consummated. 

Resolved 1. Therefore, that a copy of this report be 
forwarded by the Corresponding Secretary of this Synod to 
the chairman of the committee appointed by that synod to 
correspond with us upon this subject. 

Resolved 2. That the committee of the Holston Synod, 
charged with this matter, be requested to furnish the Corre- 
sponding Secretary, as soon as possible after the rising of 
their Synod, with a copy of their proceedings. 

Resolved 3. That, if our proposition to call a convention 
is complied with, the time of the meeting of this convention 
be fixed upon at the next meeting of this Synod. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 79 

A church paper, called the Lutheran and Missionary, 
was recommended. 

Rev. William H. Cone, delegate from the North Caro- 
lina Synod, was prevented from attending. 

The President having announced, in his report, the 
death of Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, and that of Rev. E. E. Smyre, 
the following was adopted by a rising vote : 

Resolved 1. That we have learned, with feelings of the 
deepest sorrow, of the death of our dear and well beloved 
brethren and fellow servants of our L,ord and Master, Jacob 
Stirewalt and E. E. Smyre. 

Resolved 2. That, in the death of these brethren, we 
have lost two of our most esteemed and worthy workmen in 
our Redeemer's cause upon earth; and that the Church 
has sustained a loss not easily repaired ; nevertheless, we 
feel ourselves fully resigned to this very painful dispensa- 
tion of Divine Providence, and earnestly pray God to speed- 
ily fill their places with others equally good and true. 

Resolved 3. That this Synod hereby expresses her deep 
and most sincere sympathy with the family of brother 
Stirewalt, and also the relations and other friends of brother 
Smyre. 

The committee, Revs. J. Killian and A. Efird, appointed 
to prepare a plan for Beneficiary Education, and submit it 
to this session of Synod, submitted the following : 

1. That, owing to the want of sufficient time, we find it 
impossible to mature such a plan as we think would be 
necessary to enable us to operate successfully in this im- 
portant enterprise of the Church. We, therefore, respect- 
fully ask Synod to continue the committee to the next 
convention of Synod, so that we may have sufficient time to 
mature it. 

2. That we respectfully recommend to Synod the im- 
portance and necessity of urging our ministers to take up 
collections, at an early day, to raise funds to enable J. 
Stirewalt and others to prosecute their studies for the Gospel 
Ministry. 



l8o HISTORY OF THE EV ANGELIC AI, 

3. That whatever money may be raised by the Synod 
for beneficiary purposes, be deposited in the hands of the 
Treasurer of Synod, and that he pa}' out the mone}^, upon 
the order of the President of S5 T nod, countersigned by the 
Secretary. 

4. That the Treasurer be requested to report, to the 
next meeting of Synod, the amount of money coming into 
his hands, and the amounts paid over by him to the bene- 
ficiaries of the S}- nod, with proper vouchers. 

5. We further recommend, that the officers of the Synod 
be appointed an Executive Committee, to decide upon the 
merits of the applicants for aid from the funds of the Synod. 

6. We jecommend further, that the beneficiaries of 
Synod be requested to report to Sjmod at her next meeting, 
a certificate from their teachers, of their moral standing and 
progress and proficiency in their studies. 

This report was adopted, and this seems to be the first 
direct formal action of this Synod in regard to beneficiary 
education. 

Mr. John N. Stirewalt, of New Market, Virginia, and 
Mr. M. A. Aderholt, of North Carolina, were received as 
students of theology. 

Rev. William H. Swaney was honorably dismissed to 
the English District of Ohio. 

The Parochial Report shows that during the year 408 
infants and 39 adults were baptized, and 298 persons were 
confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Peter's Church, South 
Carolina, November 5, 1870. 

Obituary of Rev. Jacob Stirewalt. — Rev. Jacob Stirewalt was born 
near Salisbury, Rowan Count}', North Carolina, on Saturday, August 
17, 1805, and departed this life, at his residence, in New Market, Shen- 
andoah County, Virginia, on Saturday the 21st of August, 1869, at the 
age of 64 years and 4 days. 

He was the second son, the third and youngest child of Capt. John 
and Elizabeth Stirewalt ; was baptized in infancy, and eventually con- 
firmed to the Evangelical Lutheran Church. By his pious parents he 
was trained up and educated, and acquired that firmness of Christian 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. l8l 

character aud those habits of persevering and systematic labor which 
marked his entire life. In his day the advantages for acquiring an ed- 
ucation were not equal to what they are now, still by close study and 
personal application he attained an eminent degree of literary and 
theological knowledge. 

He was married to Henrietta Henkel, the daughter of Elias Henkel, 
at New Market, Virginia, on the 8th day of January, 1833. Two of his 
sons, John N. and Jerome Paul, are now actively engaged in the work 
of the Gospel ministry. 

He was ordained Deacon, September 14, 1837, and preached his 
first sermon at Mt. Calvary Church, Page County, Virginia. On Sep- 
tember 14, 1838, he was ordained Pastor, in Lincoln County, North 
Carolina. On the same day of his ordination to the office of Pastor, the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, of which he was a most faith- 
ful member, "Resolved, That Revs. A. Henkel, Jacob Killian, and 
Jacob Stirewalt, be requested to compile a Liturgy for the use of our 
church, and present it to the next session of the Synod for examina- 
tion." This duty was performed ; the Liturgy was adopted, publish- 
ed, and is yet extensively used in our church. 

As evidencing the energy and devotion, with which he discharged 
the duties of the office of Pastor, it may not be improper to state that, 
in the 32 years of his ministry, he preached 3132 sermons, of which 560 
were funeral discourses ; he confirmed 708 persons, and baptized 1259, 
and united in marriage 171 couples in the same period. 

As if to complete the circle of his life, just three months before his 
death, he preached his last sermon in the same county and near the 
same place, at which he preached his jirst. A life of such protracted 
usefulness, and crowned with such fruits, may well lead us to ponder 
upon the character and habits of the man, and studying the means by 
which he accomplished so much, we may find in his example many 
useful hints to ourselves. 

His character, like his features, was clearly defined and individual. 
Regulating his own life, even in its minor details, by the sternest and 
most critical rules of the severest discipline, he always had a charitable 
word for the faults and errors of others. Proclaiming the enormity of 
sin and the eternal punishment of the ungodly with terrible distinct- 
ness, he delighted most in picturing the absolute perfection of the 
character of Christ, and wooing by the sweet inclinings of a Savior's 
boundless love. He never denounced the evil without presenting the 
remedy ; never threatened with punishment, that he did not more 
forcibly offer the rewards which attend the good. To him the Christian 
religion was an active, controlling principle — indispensable to man's 
happiness, not only in the world to come, but in the every day affairs 
of life. He did not merely preach in the pulpit ; he so lived in practice 



1 82 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

that his whole life was but a continued application to his sermons. 

The Bible and the works of Luther were his almost daily study, and 
the churches to whom he ministered listened as he preached, with that 
confidence and inclination to belief which generally follow the knowl- 
edge that the preacher has given to his subject the full benefit of all 
his ability, energy, and research. His opinions and conclusions were 
firmly formed after he had thoroughly examined and carefully and 
prayerfully studied his subject. 

Just before his departure, the sainted subject of this notice called 
his son to his bedside and requested him to repeat the Lord's Prayer, — 
this being done, he quit this earthly habitation, to be present with the 
Lord. Rev. Ireneus Conder improved the visitation of Providence by 
preaching an eloquent discourse on the uncertainty of life and the cer- 
tainty of death. ' ' Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from 
henceforth : yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors 
and their works do follow them." 

Fiftieth Session. 

This session met in St. Peter's Church, Lexington 
Count}-, South Carolina, November 5, 1870. 

The election of officers resulted in favor of Revs. A. J. 
Fox, president; S. Henkel, recording secretary ; J. R. Peter- 
son, corresponding secretary; and T. Miller, treasurer. 

Rev. A. R. Rude, D. D., Prof. J. P. Smeltzer, J. A. 
Sligh, and J. X. Derrick, of the South Carolina Sjmod, and 
Rev. Austin, of the Georgia Synod, were received as advi- 
sory members. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate from the 
North Carolina Sj T nod, expressed his desire, in a letter, to 
be present, and renders feebleness of health as his excuse 
for absence. ' 

The committee, appointed at the previous session, to 
prepare regulations for Beneficiary Education, submitted 
their report, which was adopted. 

The President having announced the death of Revs. 
Ambrose Henkel, Christian G. Reitzel, and Adam Efird, 
the following resolutions were unanimously passed by a 
rising vote : 

Resolved, That, bv the death of these, our beloved 



XTJTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 83 

brethren in the ministry, their families and their relatives 
have lost most affectionate heads, who were examples of 
domestic, social, and moral virtues — sound in faith and 
doctrine ; the Church and the Synod, to which they be- 
longed, devout and faithful members. 

Resolved, That we humbly submit to the dispensations 
of God, "who does all things well," and be encouraged 
while we are spared to labor in our Master's vineyard, to be 
more faithful in the work before us. 

Resolved, That we deeply sympathize with the bereaved 
families and relatives of our beloved co-laborers in the 
ministr3 T ; and that a copy of these resolutions be sent to 
them. 

The following is the report of the committee on union 
with the Southern General Synod, which was adopted : 

We, the committee, to whom was referred the subject 
of a anion of this S}mod with the Evangelical Lutheran 
General Synod m North America, have given the subject 
much study, and while we have found many things in con- 
nection with it which would make such union desirable, we 
have also found many other things which seem, to your 
committee, to indicate that union with that ecclesiastical 
body is, at present, of such doubtful propriety, that we are 
wholly unprepared to recommend such a connection, and 
therefore, most respectfully ask that your committee be 
excused from the further consideration of this matter. 

At the instance of Rev. S. Henkel, Junius S. Koiner, 
Waynesboro, Virginia, and J. Paul Stirewalt, New Market, 
Virginia, and at that of Rev. J. M. Smith, Adolphus Yount, 
Newton, North Carolina, and Wilburn T. Miller, of Newton, 
North Carolina, were received under the care of Synod, 
with a view to the ministry. 

The' Parochial Report, only nine ministers reporting, 
shows 29 adult baptisms, 417 infant baptisms, and 326 con- 
firmations. It was 

Resolved, That Synod adjourn to meet in Philadelphia 



1 84 HISTORY OF THE KVANGKUCAI, 

Church, Gaston County, North Carolina, on Saturday be- 
fore the third Sunday in October, 1871. 

During this decade, there were 1 1 applicants for the 
ministry, 3 ordinations, 7 licentiates, 5 dismissions, 3 died, 
8 churches received, 5,261 infant baptisms, 256 adult bap- 
tisms, 40 slaves, and 28 colored, and 2,735 confirmations. 
It is to be regretted, that not more than two-thirds of the 
ministers furnished reports, and frequently not that number. 

During this decade, there were many difficulties to 
encounter, obstacles to surmount, and disasters to overcome. 
The Civil War, of four years, between the States, North 
and South, which commenced in April, 1861, and continued 
till April, 1865, exerted a very depressing, disastrous, and 
demoralizing influence, not only over the country generally, 
but also over the Church. In the South, a large majority 
of the able-bodied men were in the army. Ministers were 
sometimes arrested, and others "refugeed," as the term went, 
when the Northern army invaded the country. Anxiety 
prevailed. Residences, mills, saw-mills, barns, &c, were 
burned by the hundreds. Horses, cattle, and other stock 
and property were driven up North by parties who followed 
the armies for the purpose of plunder. Churches were fre- 
quently occupied for weeks and months as hospitals and 
rendezvouses. The whole labor system was subverted and 
demoralized. The currency was vitiated and rendered 
worthless. Millions of slaves, that had been regarded as 
property, were set free, and required immediate care and 
attention, not having been trained during their state of 
slavery to provide for themselves. 

For five years, the ministers in Virginia and Missouri, 
belonging to the Tennessee Synod, were prevented from 
meeting in the synodical conventions with their brethren in 
North and South Carolina. But notwithstanding this con- 
dition of things, there never was a truer and more faithful 
set of men. They worked in season and out of season. 
They attended as faithfully as possible to the spiritual wants 
of their people ; they advised, encouraged, and cheered the 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 85 

wives and children whose husbands and sons and brothers 
had entered the army, often performing manual labor. Nor 
were the people generally less faithful. Strong faith pre- 
vailed. The exclamation was, Christ will take care of His 
Church, and God will provide for His people, and ulti- 
mately overrule all things for the best. It is almost mirac- 
ulous how the- people passed through the war as well as 
they did, and how soon they emerged from its ruins and 
devastations, both as to spiritual and temporal matters. 
Surely no one who knows anything about the conditions of 
things in the South, during the war and a few years after 
its close, can doubt the intervention of the hand of Provi- 
dence. The lessons of faith, hope, and charity were learned. 
The people learned to depend on God, rather than on them- 
selves. It is easy to talk about faith when peace, plenty, 
and prosperity prevail, but it is quite different when all 
these are removed. 

Obituary of Rev. Ambrose Henkel. — Rev. Ambrose Henkel, the 
fourth son of Rev. Paul and Elizabeth Henkel, was born in Shenan- 
doah County, Virginia, near Solomon's Church, 8 miles northwest of 
New Market, on the nth day of July, 1786, and was initiated into the 
church through the Holy Sacrament of Baptism, in his infancy, and, at 
a more mature age, entered into full communion with the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church, through the ancient and solemn rite of Confirmation. 

In 1802 he started, on foot, to Hagerstown, to learn the printing 
business. After working with Mr. Gruber, of Almanac reputation, 
and at Reading and in Baltimore, for three or four years, he purchased 
the bed and irons of a Ramage press and some old type, and, in 1806, 
established the first printing office in New Market, Virginia. With 
these old type, and cuts made by himself, he published a pictorial Ger- 
man spelling-book of his own arrangement. In 1807, he commenced 
the publication of a weekly German paper, called the ' ' Virginia and 
New Market Popular Instructor and Weekly News,'" which continued 
for two years — and suspended for want of advertising patronage. The 
office was, however, continued as a Bpok and Job office by him, until 
he sold to his brother Solomon, about 1817. 

He entered the ministry in the year 1823, and preached his first 
sermon;in German, in Mt. Calvary (Hawksbill) Church, Page County, 
Virginia, on the 23d day of November, 1823, from 1 Corinthians 10, 1-12, 
and continued actively, faithfully, and successfully in the ministry till 



1 86 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

i860. He preached his last sermon in Bethlehem Church, Augusta 
County, Virginia, in the year 1868. He was engaged in the office of 
the ministry 47 years. His labors in all the departments of his minis- 
terial office, were extensive. He preached 3,995 sermons, of which 402 
were funeral discourses ; he baptized 1,625 persons, of whom 90 were 
adults ; he confirmed 1,952 persons in the Church, and united in the 
holy estate of matrimony 400 men and women. 

In 1838, under order of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, 
he prepared and published the Church Hymn-Book, which has now 
passed into its 4th edition. 

In 1833 he was appointed, by the same body, chairman of a com- 
mittee to prepare a Liturgy or Book of Forms and submit it to the 
Synod ; which was done, and it was approved and published in 1843. 

He also aided in the preparation of a purely literal translation of 
the Augsburg Confession, the Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Ap- 
pendix, and the Articles of Visitation, which appeared in print in the 
Christian Book of Concord, in the year 1851. 

In the years 1857-8, he prepared a similar translation of the first 
volume of Luther's Church Postil on the Epistles, as extant in Ploch- 
man's edition, which work, after having been carefully compared with 
the original German, revised, transcribed, and prepared for the press, 
was issued in serial numbers. He was, perhaps, the oldest practical 
printer and editor in the State — having edited a newspaper in New 
Market 62 years before his death. 

As a writer and translator, he was noted for the precision and 
accuracy of his style, rather than ornament. He was a profound 
thinker, an earnest student, and a forcible speaker. 

He was married three times. His first wife was Miss Catharine 
Hoke, daughter of Frederick Hoke, Esq., of Lincoln County, North 
Carolina. His second one was Miss Mary Kite, daughter of Mr. 
Martin Kite, of Page County, Virginia, and his third one was Miss 
Veronica F. Heyle (Hoyle), daughter of Peter Heyle, Esq., of Lincoln 
County, North Carolina. 

He departed this life on the 6th day of January, 1870, at 1 o'clock, 
A. M.; aged 83 years, 5 months, and 26 days. He left 6 children, 
a number of grand-children and great-grand-children. 

His funeral services were rendered by Rev. Jacob Killian, in the 
presence of an unusually large concourse of people, in Emmanuel 
Church, New Market, Va., near which his body awaits the resurrection. 

Obituary of Rev. Adam Efird. — And again another. The Rev. 
Adam Efird, of Lexington County, South Carolina, September 13, 

1870. And all his days were forty-nine years, four months, and 
twentv-three davs. 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 187 

He was born in Stanley County, North Carolina, April 20, 1821, 
confirmed in St. Martin Church, by Rev. A. J. Fox, April 6, 1839, an d 
ordained to the ministerial office, in St. Peter Church, Sullivan County, 
Tennessee, in October, 1847. He removed to Lexington County, South 
Carolina, in October of 1854, and took charge of several churches in 
connection with the Tennessee Synod. Actively engaged in the work 
of his Lord, beloved by his people, and honored and respected by the 
community, he proved himself to be a workman that needed not to be 
ashamed. His health, however, failed, and he, unable from bodily 
infirmity to continue his labor in the sacred office, finally offered 
his resignation ; but his people would not give him up. He was 
unanimously re-elected, though unable to officiate. His five churches 
clung to him while he lived, and though his demise was not generally 
known, he was followed to his last resting place by a large multitude 
of mourning and attached people. 

He served, during the war, as a member of the Legislature for 
two years, and filled the office of Probate Judge for Lexington County, 
at the time of his death. He had held the office for nearly six years. 
He left a wife and six children to watch, wait, and follow in the 
narrow path. One son had gone before him, to the happy land on 
high. Rev. Dr. Rude, of Columbia, performed the funeral services. 

Obituary of Rev. Christian G. Reitzel. — Christian G. Reitzel was 
born March 30, 1805, in Guilford County, North Carolina. On the 
15th day of November, 1827, he entered into the holy estate of matri- 
mony with Miss Delilah Ingold, with whom he had eleven children. 

September 17, 1835, he entered the ministry as a Deacon. Sep- 
tember 16, 1841, he was ordained to the office of Pastor, in Rader's 
Church, Rockingham County, Virginia. 

In the year 1841, he located in Catawba County, North Carolina, 
and took charge of St. Peter's, Miller's, and Zion's congregations, in 
that county, and of Friendship Church, in Alexander County, and 
served them till 1849. 

On the 4th day of February, 1850, his first wife departed this life. 
A few years after this event, he married a second time. By this union 
he had six children. 

On the 25th day of October, 1870, he departed this life ; aged 65 
years, 6 months, and 26 days. He was buried at St. Peter's Church, 
Catawba County, North Carolina. His funeral services were rendered 
and a sermon was preached by Rev. J. M. Smith, on 2 Tim. 4, 7, 8. 

Whilst he was a plain, humble, common man, he possessed excel- 
lent native talents and fine mental capacities and powers. He was 
well indoctrinated in the teachings of Divine Revelation and the sound 
principles of the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, de- 



188 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

rived from the Holy Scriptures. He was very exact and rather critical. 
He was a faithful, zealous preacher, a devout Christian, a good neigh- 
bor, a reliable citizen, an affectionate husband, and a kind father. 

SIXTH DECADE. 

Fifty -first Session. 

Sjmod met in its fifty-first session, in Philadelphia 
Church, Gaston County, North Carolina, October 14, 1871. 

The officers elected were, Revs. S. Henkel, president ; 
I. Conder, recording secretary; J. M. Smith, corresponding 
secretary; and A. J. Fox, treasurer. 

Rev. Prof. L. A. Bikle, corresponding delegate from 
the North Carolina Synod, was received. 

On a letter of honorable dismission from the Pennsyl- 
vania Synod, Rev. L. A. Fox, who formerly had been a 
member of this Synod, was received into connection with it. 

With regard to union, Synod passed the following reso- 
lution ; be it 

Resolved, That it is the sense of this Synod, that, at 
the present time, union, in the form of a Joint Synod, or 
Branch Synods, is preferable to that of one by consolidation. 

The committee, appointed to meet with a similar com- 
mittee appointed by the North Carolina Synod, for the 
purpose of preparing a basis for union between the Tennes- 
see and North Carolina Synods, met in Mount Pleasant, 
Cabarrus County, North Carolina, April 25, 187 1, and, after 
due consideration and considerable discussion, agreed on a 
basis, which was afterwards adopted by the North Carolina 
Synod, and, during this session, by the Tennessee Synod, 
with slight explanations. This basis is appended to the 
Minutes of this meeting. It is too long for insertion here. 

The edition of the Hymn-Book, used by Synod, being 
exhausted, Revs. S. Henkel and A. J. Fox and A. Costner, 
Esq. , were appointed a committee to examine various hymn- 
books and liturgies, and report at the next session of Synod. 

M. Iy. Fox, M. D., and Mr. A. L- Crouse, having sus- 
tained examinations, were ordained to the pastoral office, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 89 

and Mr. John N. Stirewalt was ordained to the same office 
by the Virginia Conference of this Synod, 

A church paper, called the Evangelical Lutheran, 
having been revived, and published by Rev. N. Aldrich, 
Charlotte, North Carolina, was recommended. 

The committee on the synod, called the Concordia 
Synod of Virginia, submitted the following, which was 
adopted : 

While we still regard the action of our misguided 
brethren, Revs. Wetzel, Seneker, and Schmucker, as irreg- 
ular and schismatic, yet, as we can see no advantages that 
can accrue to our Synod by the retention of their names in 
our clerical roll, we recommend that their names be stricken 
from our list of pastors. 

The committee, appointed to prepare resolutions on 
the death of Rev. Jacob Killian, submitted the following, 
which were unanimously adopted by a rising vote : 

Whereas, It hath pleased the Almighty Disposer of all 
events, in the righteous dispensation of an all-wise provi- 
dence, to call the Rev. Jacob Killian, a member of this 
Synod, from his labors on earth to his reward in heaven, be 
it, therefore, 

Resolved 1. That in this painful dispensation, we recog- 
nize the hand of our Heavenly Father, who doth all things 
well ; and bow with filial resignation to his chastening hand. 

2. That we deeply lament the loss of a devoted friend, 
an earnest and efficient laborer in the work of the ministry, 
and of one manifesting the liveliest interest in the prosper- 
ity of our beloved Zion. 

3. That we will ever cherish his memory, endeavor to 
imitate his man}' virtues, and emulate his bright examples, 
in an untiring devotion to the welfare and prosperity of the 
church, which he so much loved. 

4. That we sincerely condole with the family of our 
deceased brother, in their sad bereavement and deep affliction, 

5. That the Secretary of Synod forward a copy of these 
resolutions to the familv of the deceased. 



I90 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

According to the Parochial Report, 504 infants and 38 
adults were baptized, and 271 confirmed. 

Rader's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, was 
agreed on as the place for the next meeting of Synod, and 
Saturday before the first Sunday of September, 1872, as 
the time. 

Obituary of Rev. William Hancher. — We make up the following 
in regard to this venerable minister, from an address delivered by Rev. 
A.J. Brown, D. D., before the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod 
of Tennessee : 

Rev. William Hancher, born in Frederick County, Virginia, Sep- 
tember 7, 1788, venerable alike for his years and his long and success- 
ful work in the ministry, is entitled to special mention and honor on 
this memorable occasion. He was ordained to the full work of the 
ministry in 1836, and died in 1870, at the advanced age of four score 
and two years, minus only two days. From the time he entered the 
ministry, till disabled by disease, embracing a period of nearly forty 
years, he labored constantly and assiduously in this calling. He occu- 
pied during this time, for much of it almost alone, an extensive, and 
an important and fertile field in the territory of the Holston Synod, 
and faithfully and successfully did he cultivate and develop its re- 
sources. His labors were confined principally to Sullivan County. 
He was for years the pastor of the principal churches now composing 
the charges of his son, brother J. K. Hancher, his grand-son, Rev. 
William G. Wolford, and Rev. A. J. Brown. It was at an' important 
and critical time in the history of the Lutheran Church in this country. 
It was in the midst of her transition state from German to the English 
language. At the time of his ordination, father Hancher was perhaps 
the only minister in the Tennessee Synod who could speak the English 
language only. Under the difficult circumstances by which he was 
surrounded, when so much valuable material was lost to the Lutheran 
Church in many other sections of country, he not only retained in the 
church in the field of his operations the old members, but also brought 
into it most of their children, and many others whose proclivities were 
by education and early associations anything else rather than Lutheran. 
To his labors are we largely indebted for the firm hold of Lutheranism 
in Sullivan Count}*, and for its prosperity in after years. 

Father Hancher was a man for whom nature had done much, and 
had he enjoyed in early life the advantages of thorough, mental 
culture, he might have attained distinction in any of the great depart- 
ments of human activity and interest. But such was not the case. 
His youth, his early manhood, and much of his riper years, were spent 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. I9I 

in manual labor. We speak of him now particularly as a minister of 
the Gospel. Much as we may regret his want of education, it may 
have been the best for the church at that particular juncture in its 
history . . . , . . . . . While 

it is important, if not absolutely necessary, for the minister to be in 
advance of his people generally in education and general intelligence, 
it is not best that he should be too far in advance of them in these 
respects. For if so, they will fail to appreciate his labors and to be 
benefited to the fullest extent by them. But I am wandering from 
the subject, and will return. 

For his work father Hancher had many fine, and some rare natural 
endowments. He was a ready speaker, and had a soft, mellow voice 
of sufficient volume and compass to address with ease to himself large 
audiences in the open air, and there was in his mental organism a 
deep, pathetic vein, which was clearly seen in his preaching, and sel- 
dom failed to be deeply felt by his hearers. We have witnessed moving 
scenes under the influence of his preaching. 

Father Hancher was not a systematic sermonizer. While he 
attached great importance to soundness in doctrine, and gave promi- 
nence in his preaching to the distinctive doctrines of the Lutheran 
Church, his preaching was mostly practical and hortatory, and looked 
to the immediate conversion of sinners. His themes were generally 
such as treat of the deep innate depravity of the human heart, of re- 
pentance toward God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, the glories 
and felicities of heaven, the shortness and uncertainty of human life, 
and the importance and wisdom of making immediate and speedy 
preparation for death and judgment. He preached as a dying man to 
dying men, deeply impressed with the importance of his mission and 
the tremendous responsibility which it involves. And he was success- 
ful in bringing many souls to Christ, which shall adorn his crown 
when the Master comes to make up his jewels. 

During his life he received many evidences of the esteem and love 
of his brethren, and when he died, he died deeply lamented. Like a 
ripe sheaf, he has been gathered home into the heavenly garner, full 
of years and of honors. 

Obituary of Rev. Jacob Killian. — Rey. Jacob Killian was born of 
a well-known, influential, Christian family, in Lincoln County, North 
Carolina, June 8, 1818. He was dedicated to God in infancy, and, at a 
more mature age, he entered into full communion with the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church. 

After securing a respectable education, he commenced the study 
of theology, with a view to the ministry. May 11, 1836, he entered 
the ministry, in connection with the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 



192 HISTORY OF THE EV ANGELICAS 

Synod. In the year 1837, he located near Waynesboro, Augusta 
County, Virginia, where he took charge of Koiner's Church, and other 
congregations in that section, and lived and labored there, till he was 
called from time into eternity. He entered into the estate of holy 
matrimony with Miss Julia A. Koiner, daughter of George Koiner, 
Esq., of near Fishersville, Augusta County, Virginia. 

He was a large, portly man of commendable bearing and extensive 
influence, commanding general respect and esteem. He was possessed 
of fine native talents and excellent oratorical powers. He was an in- 
fluential speaker, and frequently grew quite eloquent in the delivery 
of his sermons. His voice was clear, strong, and forcible. He was a 
faithful and zealous laborer in the vineyard of his Lord and Master, 
true and faithful to the doctrines and usages of the Church, and strictly 
conservative. He made a good impression wherever he went. He 
was well acquainted with the history and doctrines of the Church, and 
always inculcated them in the best and most impressive manner. 

He was a good, reliable citizen, a kind neighbor, and an affection- 
ate husband and a loving father. 

After spending a useful, successful, Christian life, in the Church, 
the Family, and the State, he departed this life, July 5, 187 1 ; aged 53 
years and 28 days, and entered his rest in the upper Sanctuary, leaving 
four children, — three sons and one daughter, with numerous relatives 
and friends to lament their irreparable loss. He was buried at Bethle- 
hem Church, near his residence, Revs. J. I. Miller, D. D., and I. 
Conder officiating, in the presence of an unusually large and sympa- 
thetic concourse of relatives and friends. 

' ' At length released from many woes, 

How sweetly dost thou sleep ; 
How calm and peaceful thy repose, 
While Christ thy soul doth keep. ' ' 

Fifty- second Session. 

Synod assembled in Rader's Church, Rockingham 
County, Virginia, on Saturday before the first Sunday in 
September, 1872. 

The election for officers resulted in favor of Revs. A. J. 
Fox, president; Iy. A. Fox, recording secretary; S. Henkel, 
corresponding secretary; and J. S. Bennick, treasurer. 

Revs. J. A. Snyder and Prof. J. I. Miller, of the Vir- 
ginia Synod, and J. P. Stirewalt and J. S. Koiner, theo- 
. logical students, were received as advisory members. 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 93 

A committee was appointed to prepare a fuller paro- 
chial table. 

The Staunton, Virginia, Female Seminary, Rev. Prof. 
J. I. Miller, president, was recommended. 

The committee of correspondence with members of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod in regard to a union 
of that synod with this Synod, submitted the following : 

We have had some correspondence with the president 
of that synod, and from his letters learn that the synod is 
likely to sever her connection with the Southern General 
Synod at her next convention, and that she is favorably 
disposed towards a union with this Synod, with the ultimate 
design of uniting with the General Council. 

The committee recommended, that a delegate be ap- 
pointed to attend the next meeting of the Holston Synod, 
and, if possible, make arrangements for the union of these 
two synods in a joint synod. 

With a view of securing a higher degree of* attainment 
on the part of those who intend to enter the ministry in 
connection with this Synod, both in regard to literature 
and theology, a committee was appointed to prepare a 
course of studies for theological students, who do not take 
a regular course in a theological seminary. 

The committee, S. Henkel, A. J. Fox, and A. Costner, 
submitted, among other things, in their report, the following : 

After a careful and conscientious examination of differ- 
ent hymn-books and liturgies now; in use, (among them 
the Book of Worship — a work of decided merit) we would, 
under the circumstances and in view of the highest consid- 
erations, recommend to congregations in need of hymn- 
books- or books containing the service of the Church, ' ' The 
Church Book for the use of Evangelical Lutheran Congre- 
gations. By authority of the General Council of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Church in America." This book we 
regard as a work of the highest merit, strictly churchly in 
all its features. 

The principles on which this was constituted were not 



194 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the taste of aity individual or committee, but the consensus 
of the Lutheran Church in its purest periods, in all countries. 
Great care and labor have .been bestowed on this work, in 
order to attain the highest degree of perfection. We are 
assured on the highest authority, that it is in its final shape 
as far as it goes — the forms for Baptism, &c. , (Actes Minis- 
teriales) remain to be added. The work will not be changed 
— the forms will simply be appended to later editions. The 
work is equally as cheap as the Church Hymn-Book. If 
any of our ministers should need a book containing the 
Actes Ministeriales before the later editions of the Church 
Book are published, we refer them to the "Book of Forms 
by Rev. J. A. Seiss, D. D.," published about fourteen years 
ago, and to the old Liturgy of the Pennsylvania Synod. 

The President having recommended in his report the 
propriety of reviving the ancient custom of installation, 
it w T as 

Resolved, That it be the duty of the President, with 
the consent of the pastor-elect and the congregation, to ap- 
point a committee of installation, in all succeeding changes 
in the pastoral relations in our Synod, to perform this 
ceremony. 

The Committee on the Revision of the Constitution of 
Beneficiary Association, was discharged, and another, con- 
sisting of Rev. S. Henkel and Mr. A. M. Bowman, was ap- 
pointed in place of the former. 

The corresponding delegate to the North Carolina 
Synod, presented, among other things, in his report, the 
following : 

The only thing done in which this Synod is directly 
interested, was in regard to the contemplated union of this 
Synod with that in a joint body. The subject elicited much 
discussion, was fully ventilated, and was disposed of by the 
adoption of resolutions referring the matter to the next 
convention of the Synod for further action. These resolu- 
tions were ordered to be forwarded by the Corresponding 
Secretary to the President of this Synod. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 95 

In regard to this, Synod took the following action : 
Resolved 1. That we heartily endorse the sentiment of 
the North Carolina Synod, expressed in these resolutions, 
viz.: "That a union of the two Synods in a Joint Synod is 
both practicable and desirable." 

2. That we entirely approve the action of the North 
Carolina Synod in reference to this union. 

3. That this Synod is ready to meet the North Carolina 
Synod in a joint convention at any time and place, and on 
any basis of lay representation that may be agreed upon by 
the Presidents of the Synods interested. 

The following report was adopted : 

The committee, consisting of Revs. S. Henkel and I. 
Conder, appointed to reply to the communications of Revs. 
P. C. Henkel and J. R. Moser, of Missouri, to this Synod, 
submitted the following : 

Whereas, We learn from the communications of these 
brethren, that the prospects for building up the Church in 
the West are favorable, and that these brethren, in connec- 
tion with others, have taken preliminary steps for the 
organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod in the 
State of Missouri ; be it, therefore, 

Resolved 1. That we hail with pleasure this information. 

2. That their efforts put forth for the organization of a 
Synod, meet our approbation. 

3. That, in order to aid them in publishing the pro- 
ceedings of their conference, and their proposed constitu- 
tion in connection with their discussion of "Doctrinal Theses 
selected from the Symbols of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church, showing the principal distinction between the 
Lutheran Church and other ecclesiastical Communions," 
we request our ministers at once to bring the matter before 
their respective congregations and secure subscriptions to 
said work, which your committee presumes will cost fifteen 
cents per copy, and send the amount to Rev. P. C. Henkel 
or Rev. J. R. Moser. 



196 HISTORY OF THE KV ANGELICAL 

Appropriations were made for the benefit of four bene- 
ficiary students. Messrs. M. L. Little and W. C. Holler 
were received as applicants for the ministry. 

During this synodical year, 392 infants and 43 adults 
were baptized, and 284 confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Zion Church, Lexington 
County, South Carolina, on the third Sunday in October, 
1873- 

Fifty-third Session. 

Synod met in Zion Church, Lexington County, South 
Carolina, October 16, 1873. 

Rev. J. M. Smith was elected president ; Rev. J. R. 
Peterson, recording secretary; Rev. L. A. Fox, corresponding 
secretary; and Rev. J. N. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

The following course of study, for private students in 
theology, was recommended: Home's Introduction, Hut- 
ter's Compend, Book of Concord, Krauth's Conservative 
Reformation, Knapp's Christian Theology, Mann's Schmidt's 
Christian Ethics, Kurtz's Sacred History, Kurtz's Church 
History, Ripley's Sacred Rhetoric, Vinet's Homiletics, 
Vinet's Pastoral Theology. Instruction must be given in 
Exegesis, Catechetics, Liturgies, and Ecclesiastical Polity. 

It is presumed that every minister who undertakes to 
give instructions, will be able to point out and guard his 
students against such things in any of the books given 
above that is un-Lutheran. The most objectionable one 
has important features not found elsewhere. 

Special attention is to be given to the study of the New 
Testament in Greek, and when the minister is able to teach 
Hebrew, to the study of the Old Testament in Hebrew. 

St. James Church, Summit, South Carolina, was 
received. 

The Virginia Conference of the Synod was requested 
to examine, and, if found qualified, to ordain J. Paul 
Stirewalt. 

M. L. Little and J. C. Moser, after examination, were 



•LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. I97 

licensed as ministers. Mr. W. P. Cline and Mr. D. L. 
Crouse were received as theological students. 

Arrangements were made to establish a regular synod- 
ical fund. Heretofore, there was no such fund in this 
Synod. The amounts necessary for printing Minutes, 
traveling expenses, &c, were raised by voluntary contribu- 
tions from individuals and congregations, nearly every con- 
gregation having a treasury. 

The following action was taken relative to Our Church 
Paper: 

Resolved, That we hail with much pleasure the appear- 
ance of Our Church Paper, a religious journal, published 
at New Market, Virginia. The respectability of its appear- 
ance, the ability with which it is conducted, and the sound- 
ness of the doctrines and practices which it inculcates, are 
just what we think they ought to be, and we therefore regard 
it our duty, as far as possible, to encourage its circulation 
among the peopleof our congregations, and that we exert our- 
selves to introduce it into every family of our connection. 

The Constitution and By-Laws of Synod were ordered 
to be appended to the Minutes of this session. 

Messrs. J. F. Moser and A. B. Kfird were received as 
beneficiaries, with a view to the ministry. Appropriations 
were made for four beneficiaries. Corresponding delegates 
were appointed to different synods. 

The following action, taken by the North Carolina 
Synod, relative to union: "That all action in regard to 
union with all other ecclesiastical bodies be postponed for 
five years," — seems to have put that matter to rest for that 
period at least. 

According to the report, there were 599 infants and 34 
adults baptized, and 447 confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Pilgrim's Church, David- 
son County, North Carolina, Thursday before the first 
Sunday in October, 1874. 



Ig8 HISTORY OF TTTK EVANGELICAL 

Fifty-fourth Session. 

This meeting was held in Pilgrim's Church, Davidson 
County, North Carolina, beginning October i, 1874. 

The officers elected were : Rev. L- A. Fox, president ; 
Rev. A. L. Crouse, recording secretary; Rev. J. M. Smith, 
corresponding secretary; and Maj. A. Koiner, treasurer. 

Rev. W. Kimball, corresponding delegate from the 
North Carolina Synod, was received. 

Letters of honorable dismission were granted Revs. P. 
C. Henkel and J. R. Moser to the Missouri Conference of 
the Lutheran Church. 

Crouse' s Mission, Alabama, Morning Star, Page County,, 
and St. Jacob's Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia, were 
received. 

For sufficient reasons, the name of Christian Moretz,. 
Jr. , was erased from the clerical catalogue of Synod. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, of the North Carolina Synod,, 
was received as an advisory member. 

During its meeting in 1874, the Holston Synod resolved 
to unite with the General Council of the Lutheran Church 
in America. 

The Synod being notified of the fact, that the said 
General Council appointed a committee to co-operate with 
similar committees from other general bodies, and from 
synods not in connection with any general body, in arrang- 
ing for a general colloquium of all Lutherans in America, 
who accept unqualifiedly the Augsburg Confession, the 
following action was taken : 

Resolved, That we cordially approve this move of the 
General Council. 

During this year, there were 384 confirmed, and 39 
adults and 497 infants baptized. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Mt. Calvary Church, Page 
County, Virginia, Thursday before the first Sunday in Sep- 
tember, 1875. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 1 99 

Fifty-fifth Session. 

Synod assembled in Mt. Calvary Church, Page County, 
Virginia, September, 1875. 

Its officers were Rev. J. R. Peterson, president ; Rev. 
I. Conder, recording secretary; Rev. J. N. Stirewalt, corre- 
sponding secretary; and Rev. S. Henkel, treasurer. 

Rev. C, H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate of the 
North Carolina Synod, was received. 

Mr. J. W. Hausenfluck was received as an applicant 
for the ministry, and, at his request, placed under fhe direc- 
tion of Rev. S. Henkel. 

Rev. J. M. Smith, in a letter, informed Synod that the 
congregations in Catawba County, North Carolina, had de- 
cided to establish a high school of a strictly Lutheran 
character. Synod approved of that move and heartily com* 
mended the enterprise. 

Relative to the death of Rev. Godfrey Dreher, of Lex- 
ington County, South Carolina, the following preamble and 
resolutions were adopted by a rising vote : 

Whereas, God, in his all-wise Providence, has been 
pleased to call from time to eternity Rev. Godfrey Dreher, 
pastor of Lutheran congregations, Lexington County, South 
Carolina, hereby 

Resolved, That we express our high appreciation of his 
services and success ; that we bow in humble submission to 
the will of him that doth all things well, cherish the 
memory of Rev. Dreher, and pray the Master to send in his 
stead faithful and worthy ministers of the New Testament. 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be published 
in Our Church Paper. 

On motion, the congregation in Monroe, Union County, 
North Carolina, was received. 

A committee was appointed to prepare a constitution 
and regulations for Home Missionary operations, and report 
to the next meeting. 

On motion, Rev. S. Henkel was required to secure all 



200 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

the minutes and pamphlets of the different sessions of our 
Synod, and have them bound, and also to collect such other 
material as may be of interest to the Church. 

Appropriations were made for the benefit of two bene- 
ficiaries. 

There were 484 infant and 48 adult baptisms, and 359 
confirmations, reported at this convention. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. John's Church, Lex- 
ington County, South Carolina, on Thursday before the 
second Sunday in October, 1876. 

Obituary of Rev. Godfrey Dreher. — Rev. Godfrey Dreher departed 
this life at the residence of his son-in-law, Rev. Daniel Efird, at Pine 
Ridge, Lexington County, South Carolina, July 28, 1875; aged 85 
years, 7 months, and 24 days. Funeral services were rendered and a 
sermon preached at the said residence, by Rev. H. W. Kuhns, from 
1 Thess. 4, 14, in the presence of a very large, sympathizing congrega- 
tion. His earthly remains were then conveyed, in solemn procession, 
to St. Michael's Church, twelve miles distant, where another sermon 
was preached by the same minister from Psalm 71, 9, at the request of 
a large assembly, which had gathered there, to pay the last tribute of 
respect to departed worth. His body was then placed in the grave, to 
await the final resurrection, in rear of the pulpit of St. Michael's, 
between the graves of Revs. Wingard and D. Dreher, the place which 
he had selected and which had been reserved for that purpose, — a 
pulpit which he had filled with so much acceptance. 

He entered the active services of the ministry in connection with 
the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, in the year 181 1, 
and confined his labors chiefly to ministerial services in Lexington 
County, South Carolina, in a community generally known as "Dutch 
Fork, ' ' where he labored with acceptance and success. He was one 
of the first ministers who preached in the English language in that 
community. He was present at the conference which met in St. 
Michael's Church, Lexington County, South Carolina, in 1824, where 
and when the Evangelical Lutheran South Carolina Synod was organ- 
ized, and elected as president of that synod. At that time the paro- 
chial reports show that he had six churches in his charge. From 
that time till 1835, he was elected treasurer of synod, successively 
each year. In that year, the constitution of the synod was so changed 
as to require a layman to fill that office. About the year 1834, some 
difficulties and differences arose in the synod which were not satisfac- 
torily adjusted. In 1837, he met a committee . appointed by the presi- 
dent of the synod, to meet at Lexington Court House, South Carolina, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 201 

to adjust the differences. After some consultation, he was, at his 
request, permitted to withdraw from the synod in an amicable manner. 
Eight congregations went with him. These congregations he faith- 
fully and zealously served, aided occasionally by visiting ministers 
and such other assistance as he could command, till 1851, preaching 
as many as two sermons on three of the Sundays in each month, 
although his congregations were situated a very considerable distance 
from his place of residence, and from five to eight miles distant from 
each other. From 1851 to 1854, he was permanently assisted by Rev. 
Daniel Efird. In 1854, he received an attack of paralysis. This ended 
his ministerial career. 

He was always regular and punctual in his attendance at his 
appointments. The inclemency of the weather never prevented him 
from filling his engagements and complying with his obligations. It 
seems he was prompt in all the relations of life, and strong in his con- 
victions. He was true and faithful, zealous and energetic in the 
performance of his duties. He was a man of excellent native powers 
a\id abilities, firm and indomitable. As a minister, he was earnest 
and effective, and often, and especially when he spoke on his theme 
in which he most delighted, "Justification by Faith," he grew most 
eloquent and pathetic. He wielded a very decided and beneficial influ- 
ence in the community in which he labored. He contributed liberally 
of his temporal means towards the establishment of the theological 
seminary of the South Carolina Synod, first erected at Lexington 
Court House, South Carolina. As a man, he was generous, liberal, 
just, kind, and affectionate in all the departments of life. "He now 
rests from his labors, and his works do follow him." 

Fifty- sixth Session. 

Synod convened in St. John's Church, Lexington 
County-, South Carolina, October 5, 1876. 

The officers chosen were : Revs. S. Henkel, president ;' 
J. M. Smith, recording secretary; J. R. Peterson, corre- 
sponding secretary; and A. J. Fox, treasurer. 

Rev. J. C. Moser and H. A. Meetze were received as 
advisory members. 

St. Matthew Church, King's Mountain, the church at 
Hickory, North Carolina, St. Thomas Church, South Caro- 
lina, and St. Mark's, Luray, Virginia, were received. 

A committee of three, consisting of Revs. J. M. Smith, 
J. R. Peterson, and A. J. Fox, was appointed to examine 



202 



HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 



A. L. Yount, and, if necessary, to ordain him. There was 
also a committee appointed to ordain J. W. Hausenfluck, if 
found qualified. 

Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., of the South Carolina Synod, 
was received as a corresponding delegate from that synod. 

The committee, appointed to prepare a paper relative 
to the death of Rev. Thomas Crouse, submitted the follow- 
ing, which was adopted by a rising vote : 

Whereas, God, in his wise Providence, has called from 
his labors on earth, Rev. T. Crouse, a faithful minister of 
our Synod, to his rest and reward on high ; therefore, 

Resolved, That we recognize the hand of God herein, 
and humbly bow to his righteous ways, that we cherish his 
memory, and pray God for grace, that we may meekly sub- 
mit to his dispensation. 

Resolved, That these resolutions be published in "Our 
Church Paper," and a copy be sent to the family of the de- 
ceased. 

The action of Synod in 1864, creating the license sys- 
tem, was rescinded, a committee of three was appointed to 
prepare and submit to the present convention of this Synod, 
a plan by which the requirements of our Constitution in 
regard to the candidates for the ministry in their period of 
probation, can be complied with. 

This committee, not being able to submit a plan, for 
the want of time, Revs. A. J. Fox, J. R. Peterson, and >S. 
Henkel, were appointed a committee to give this matter 
proper attention, and report at the next meeting. 

The license system having been rescinded, Messrs. J. 
A. Cromer and E. L. Lybrand, who applied for license, 
were requested to labor, for the time being, under some 
regular pastor or pastors. 

The committee appointed at the last session to prepare 
Regulations for Missionary Work, submitted the following : 

Article I. There shall be elected, annually, by Synod, 
an Executive Committee of three, or five, or more members, 
as the nature and extent of the work may require, who shall 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 203 

hold office until their successors shall be appointed. Of 
this committee, the Committee on Vacancies shall be a 
member. 

Article II. This Executive Committee shall have 
charge of the Missionary work between the conventions of 
Synod. They shall elect one of their number Treasurer, 
who shall hold and disburse the missionary moneys accord- 
ing to the directions of the committee. The Executive 
Committee may establish or discontinue missions, may 
employ or dismiss missionaries, and shall have the super- 
intendence and control of all missionary operations during 
their time of office. 

Article III. This committee shall hold at least two 
meetings during the year. It shall keep a clear and correct 
account of all its transactions, and especially of all moneys 
received and disbursed, and report annually to Synod, and 
be prepared with vouchers to sustain the same, which re- 
port shall be recorded by the Secretary of Synod. 

Article IV. All moneys collected from congregations 
or otherwise, and donations for the purpose of missions, 
shall be paid over to the Chairman of the Executive Com- 
mittee, for which he shall give his receipt. 

Article V. Diligent and rigid inquiry shall be made 
as to the condition of every community, and the prospects 
of establishing a self-sustaining congregation or pastorate 
whenever application shall be made for aid, and where these 
are not favorable, no money shall be expended as a mere 
venture. 

Article VI. Every pastor in connection with this 
Synod shall be required to take up collections in each of 
his congregations, annually, in the most judicious manner, 
for missions. 

Article VII. These regulations shall be subject to 
amendment at any meeting of Synod after giving one day's 
notice of the proposed amendment, and with the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 



204 



HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 



Your committee, in submitting the above plan, would 
call the attention of the Synod to the importance of concen- 
trated effort. It is a lesson learned after a dear experience 
by other bodies, and they are now centering their labors 
upon a few places until they make them self-supporting. It 
is found to be far better to make large appropriations to one 
point and assist in building a church than to scatter a small 
fund among many. 

With respect to the Southern General Synod's sugges- 
tion, that this Synod reconsider its actions declining to 
unite with that synod, the .following action was taken : 

Resolved, That under existing circumstances, we regard 
it inexpedient to take any. steps either toward uniting with 
or in any way committing ourselves to any one of the 
General Lutheran Bodies in this country. 

The following preamble and resolution were passed : 

Whereas, Prof. Ben. Hyde Benton, President of Poly- 
technic Institute, at New Market, Virginia, has kindly 
tendered to this Synod three free scholarships in that Insti- 
tute, one for the congregation of this Synod in South Caro- 
lina, and two for our Churches in North Carolina, upon 
condition that the candidates are over 14 years of age, and 
come with a recommendation from one of the ministers of 
this Synod, 

Resolved, That we highly appreciate this kind offer 
and most cheerfully accept it, and tender our most sincere 
thanks to the kind donor. 

The baptisms reported were 544 infants and 56 adults, 
and 325 confirmations. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Coble's Church, Guilford 
County, North Carolina, November 8, 1877. 

Obituary of Rev. Thomas Crouse. — Rev. Thomas Crouse died 
April 11, 1876, at 12.30 P. M. He was born in Davidson County, 
North Carolina, June 6, 1822. 

His paternal ancestors came from Germany to Pennsylvania, 
thence to Forsyth County, North Carolina, where Andrew Crouse, the 
father of the deceased, was born. He married a Miss Daniels, whose 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 205 

parents came from Ireland. They afterwards settled in Davidson 
County, North Carolina, where the subject of this sketch was born. 
He was baptized in infancy, in Beck's Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
where he afterwards received religious instruction, and was confirmed. 

He received his literary education at Prof. Dusenberry's school, 
Lexington, North Carolina, and his theological training under the 
direction of tutors. He entered the ministry in connection with the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in 1845, and continued in its 
work until his death, having been engaged in the Master's service 
about 31 years. 

Soon after he began his work, he moved to Randolph Count}-, 
North Carolina, where he married Barbara Fox, a descendant, through 
her maternal line, from one of the Electors of Saxony. She died in 
about eight years, leaving four children. He afterwards married M. 
C. Fox, youngest sister of Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D., by whom one son 
was given him. 

As a theologian, he was a sound and firm defender of the doctrines 
and customs of the old type of Lutheranism. As a preacher, he was 
attractive, because of his earnestness of manner, clearness of thought, 
force of style, and persuasive voice. 

He labored in Guilford and Alamance, and organized Melanch- 
thon, the only Lutheran Church in Randolph County- 

In 1873, he moved to Davidson County, and rebuilt Beck's, the 
church of his youth, of which, with three other congregations, he was 
pastor until his death. His last sermon was preached in Beck's Church, 
ten days before he died. 

Surveying his work, we are convinced that he was a "workman 
that need not be ashamed," and that he has many jewels in his crown. 

Fifty- seventh Session. 
t 
Synod assembled in Coble's Church, Guilford County, 

North Carolina, November 8, 1877. 

The election for officers resulted in favor of Revs. S. 
Henkel, D. D., president; J. Paul Stirewalt, recording 
secretary; M. L. Little, corresponding secretary; and D, 
Efird, treasurer. 

Rev. P. C. Henkel, having been called back from 
Missouri to Conover, North Carolina, to lead in the perma- 
nent establishment of a school of a high grade, at the 
latter place, was unanimously received into Synod. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate from the 
North Carolina Synod, was received. 



zo6 



HISTORY OF THE EVANGKXICAI, 



On Sunday, the new church erected to take the place 
of the old Coble Church, was dedicated, Rev. S. Henkel, 
D. D., preaching the sermon, and Rev. P. C. Henkel lead- 
ing in the dedicatory services. 

It was moved, that when Synod adjourn, it adjourn to 
meet in St. Matthew Church, Shenandoah County, Virginia,, 
on Thursday before the first Sunday in September, 1878. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, corresponding delegate of the 
North Carolina Synod, conveyed to this Synod in a few 
pertinent remarks, the fraternal greetings and kindly feel- 
ings of the North Carolina Synod, and was appropriately 
replied to by Rev. S. Henkel, D. D. 

Rev. A. L,. Yount, having left the bounds of this Synod, 
having received a call from a congregation at Murphysboro, 
Illinois, was requested to return to Synod the amount he 
had received from it as a beneficiary, not having labored in 
the bounds of the Synod anything like the length of time 
the regulations of the Beneficiary Society of Synod required 
from its beneficiaries. This he did ; that is, refunded it in 
due time. 

On motion, the President appointed a committee of 
three to prepare rules and regulations for the government 
of beneficiaries, to report at the next meeting of Synod. 
Committee — Revs. A. J. Fox, J. M. Smith, and Mr. M. L- 
Cline. 

The reports show that during this year 585 infants and 
56 adults were baptized, and 471 persons were confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet at the time and place already 
indicated. 

Fifty -eighth Session. 

This meeting convened in St. Matthew Church, Shen- 
andoah County, Virginia, August 29, 1878. 

The officers of this convention were Revs. P. C. Henkel, 
president; L,. A. Fox, recording secretary; A. J. Fox, cor- 
responding secretary; and J. Paul Stirewalt, treasurer. 

The congregation at Conover, Catawba County, North 
Carolina, was received. 



XTJTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 207 

A committee of three was appointed to prepare a plan 
for missionary work. A committee was appointed to ex- 
amine Mr. A. R. Yoder. 

Rev. V. R. Stickley, corresponding delegate of the 
North Carolina Synod, was received. 

Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D., read the Regulations for the 
'Government of Synod in the work of Beneficiary Education. 
It is too long for insertion here. It may be found in Min- 
utes of 1878. 

The committee, appointed to prepare resolutions on the 
•death of Rev, Henry Goodman, presented the following, 
which was adopted, the Synod rising : 

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God, in his wise 
Providence, to remove Rev. Henry Goodman from his labors 
on earth to his reward in heaven, 

Resolved 1. That in the death of Father Goodman, the 
Church has lost an earnest, faithful, and zealous laborer in 
his Master's vineyard ; 

Resolved 2. That we bow in humble submission to him 
who doth all things well ; 

Resolved 3. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to 
<J Our Church Paper" for publication ; 

Resolved 4. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to 
the relatives of the deceased family. 

Rev. Thomas Miller having asked for an honorable 
dismission to the Virginia Synod, it was granted. 

Rev. V. Stickley conveyed to this Synod the fraternal 
greetings of the North Carolina Synod, and was replied to 
in a few pertinent remarks by Rev. P. C. Henkel. 

Messrs. Eli Lot I^brand and James Albert Cromer, 
Columbia, South Carolina, and Jacob Killian Efird were 
ordained. A committee was appointed to prepare an obitu- 
ary on Rev. H. Goodman. 

The reports show that 438 infants and 103 adults were 
baptized, and 178 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. James Church, Summit, 



2o8 HISTORY OF THK EVANGELICAL 

Lexington County, South Carolina, Thursday before the 
third Sunday in November, 1879. 

Obituary of Rev. Henry Goodman. — The subject of this notice 
was the son of Michael and Elizabeth Goodman (Guthmann), born 
April 9th, 1798, was baptized in infancy, and in the year 1819, entered 
into full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church, by the 
imposition of hands and prayer, by Rev. Daniel Scherer, at St. John's 
Church, Cabarrus County, North Carolina. 

He was licensed to preach by Revs. Daniel Moser and David 
Henkel, on the 29th of November, 1830, and preached his first sermon 
on the 19th of December, following, at his uncle's, George Goodman, 
in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. 

He was ordained by Revs. Philip Henkel, Adam Miller, and Daniel 
Moser, in Buehler's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, September 
13th, 1832. 

During the whole of his ministry, as also before entering the 
ministry, he labored faithfully in defence of the pure Confession's of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Church ; often, especially in the early strug- 
gles of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod for the pure faith 
of the Church of the Reformation, sacrificing much time as well as 
other means, to forward the work in this great crisis. 

He preached his last sermon on the 4th Sunday of November, 
1877, i n Sharon Church, Iredell County, North Carolina, from 1 John 
5, 7, 8. 

The subject of the above notice died at his late residence in Iredell 
County, North Carolina, on the morning of the 26th of January, 1878 ; 
aged 79 years, 9 months, and 17 days ; his consort having been called 
to her reward October 17th, 1876 ; aged 74 years, 8 months, and 22 days. 

His perishable remains were deposited in the cemetery at St. 
Martin's Church, Iredell County, North Carolina, on the next day 
after his departure from this life ; and notwithstanding the day was 
very rainy, a large concourse of people assembled to take a last view 
and to sympathize with the many relatives whose faces were bathed 
in tears, but in hopeful resignation to the will of Him who had taken 
His faithful servant home. 

After the burial service ended, the many relatives and friends of 
the deceased repaired to the church to hear the funeral sermon, by Rev. 
P. C. Henkel, based on 2 Tim. 4, 7, 8. 

Fifty-ninth Session. 

This convention met in St. James Church, Summit, 
Lexington County, South Carolina, November 13, 1879. 






LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 209 

In the election for officers, the following were chosen : 
Revs. J. R. Peterson, president; M. Iy. little, recording 
secretary; J. M. Smith, corresponding secretary; S. Henkel, 
treasurer; and T. Moser, treasurer of beneficiary fund. 

St. Michael's Church, Cleburne County ; Alabama, and 
St. Andrew's Church, Richland County, South Carolina, 
were received. 

Rev. J. Hawkins, corresponding delegate of the South 
Carolina Synod, was received, and Rev. A. D. L,. Moser, of 
the same synod, was invited to a seat. 

On motion, a committee was appointed to report some 
plan by which the Synod's Mission Work may be trans- 
ferred to the Conferences. Committee — Revs. J. C. Moser, 
E. Iy. Iyybrand, and P. Killian, Esq. 

On their report, the Mission Work of the Synod was 
transferred to the Conferences in connection with the Synod. 

Messrs. Thomas H. Armentrout, McGaheysville, Vir- 
ginia, and D. A v Sox, Reeder's Store, Lexington County, 
South Carolina, were received as beneficiary students ; and 
appropriations were made for their benefit. 

The retiring president having recommended the pro- 
priety of Synod giving an expression in regard to the "Four 
Points," as they are called, the committee on said report, 
Revs. S. Henkel, J. M. Smith, and A. Costner, Esq., sub- 
mitted the following relative to these matters, which was 
adopted : 

Whereas, This Synod is invested only with advisory 
power; and 

Whereas, The general policy of this Synod has not 
been to encourage such doctrines, worship, or fellowship, 
be it 

Resolved 1. That this Synod, as we have, so far as we 
know, no minister now in affiliation with such societies, we 
advise all who may be looking to the office of the ministry 
in connection with this Synod, not to associate or hold 
fellowship with any societies that practice a deistic worship 
or service, to the disparagement of the adoration due Jesus 



2IO HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Christ, or that comes in conflict with the orthodox worship 
of the church, or that set up a plan of salvation coming in 
conflict with that set forth in Divine Revelation, through 
the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, as the Mediator between 
God and man ; as it is the sentiment of this Synod that 
such could not be received. 

2. That we regard these matters as subjects for inves- 
tigation and instruction, and our ministers are advised to 
give such information as they may deem proper, when it is 
desired. 

With respect to altar and pulpit fellowship, it is the 
sentiment of this Sjmod, that our ministers and people ad- 
here to the practice set forth in the Confessions of the 
Church, using all necessary precaution, prudence, and 
judiciousness in the exercise of such privileges, lest the 
sacredness of the altar and pulpit be violated, or the con- 
sciences of any be oppressed, and reference should alwa3 T s 
be had to the preparation designated in the Augsburg Con- 
fession, Article eleven, and in Luther's Catechism, where 
it is said, "Let a man examine himself," etc., and "He 
only is truly worthy and well prepared, who has faith in 
these words, ' ' etc. 

In regard to Chiliasm, we would simply say, it is 
clearly rejected in the 17th Article of the Augsburg Con- 
fession. 

IV. Relative to the allusion in the President's report, 
to certain articles in the Constitution of Sjmod, we would 
simply remark, that organic laws should be seldom changed, 
and as no proposition has been made, in accordance with 
the 8th Article of said constitution, for any change or alter- 
ation, no action is required on the part of the Synod. 

V. With respect to the matter of revising and publish- 
ing our Church Hymn-Book, we deem the action taken by 
our Synod last year, all that we could recommend. 

This paper is usually designated the Summit Rule. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD.* 211 

Sixtieth Session. 

This meeting of Synod was held in St. Peter's Church, 
Catawba County, North Carolina, commencing November 
ii, 1880. 

The officers, elected for the ensuing year, were Rev. S. 
Henbel, D. D., president; Rev. J. C. Moser, recording 
secretary; Rev. J. R. Peterson, corresponding secretary; 
and Rev. J. M. Smith, treasurer. 

Candidates W. P. Cline, D. J. Settlemyre, W. A. Smith, 
J. A. Rudisill, and J. B. Fox, were invited to seats as ad- 
visory members. 

Appropriations were made for beneficiaries. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, of the North Carolina Synod, 
was received as an advisory member. 

Amendments to the Constitution having been proposed 
on the day previous, a committee of four was appointed to 
take into consideration the proposed amendments. 

After this -committee reported, and several of the 
amendments had been considered, the matter was postponed 
until the next meeting of Synod. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, of the North Carolina Synod, 
having presented a letter of honorable dismission from that 
synod to this Synod, was unanimously received as a mem- 
ber of Synod. 

The following action was taken with respect to the 
reception of Concordia High School, located at Conover, 
Catawba County, North Carolina : 

Whereas, The trustees of Concordia High School, 
Conover, North Carolina, have made a proposition to Synod 
to take this Institution under her care and supervision, and 

Whereas, It is the desire and wish of this Synod to 
have an institution of learning in her connection, therefore, 

Resolved, That a committee of three, on the part of 
Synod, be appointed to confer with the trustees of said 
school, and prepare an agreement which may serve as a 
basis upon which said school may become the recognized 



212 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

institution of Synod, and that this committee be required 
to report to the next session of Synod. 

Resolved, further, That we hereby recommend Concor- 
dia High School to the members of our Church, and to the 
public generally, as a school of meritorious character. 

The President appointed the following persons on this 
committee : Revs. J. C. Moser, J. R. Peterson, and C. H. 
Bernheim. On motion, A. Costner, Esq., and Mr. C. T. 
Sigman were added to this committee. 

The Missionary Work of the Synod having been trans- 
ferred to the Conferences of the Synod, the regulations of 
the Synod relative to such work, were repealed. 

During this synodical year, 641 infants and 27 adults 
were baptized, and 227 persons confirmed. 

The time fixed for the next meeting was Saturday be- 
fore the second Sunday in September, 1 88 1, and the place, 
Emmanuel Church, New Market, Shenandoah County, 
Virginia. 

During this decade, there were 12 applicants for the 
ministry, and 6 beneficiaries received, 12 ordained, 4 re- 
ceived on letters, 3 dismissed to other synods, the names of 
4 dropped, 1 church dismissed, 2 ministers licensed, 1 min- 
ister died, 13 churches were received, 5,432 infants and 497 
adults baptized, and 3,378 confirmed. The reports in re- 
gard to baptisms and confirmations were not generally full. 

SEVENTH DECADE. 

Sixty -first Session. 

This session of Synod convened in Emmanuel Church, 
New Market, Shenandoah County, Virginia, September 
10, 1881. 

The officers elected were Revs. A. J. Fox, M. D., presi- 
dent ; E- A. Fox, D. D., secretary; J. M. Smith, corre- 
sponding secretary; and S. Henkel, D. D., treasurer. 

Rev. J. A. Snyder, of the Virginia Synod, and Rev. H. 
Wetzel, were received as advisory members. 



TVUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 2 13 

A committee was appointed, on motion, to inquire into 
the expediency of placing monuments at the graves of Rev. 
Ambrose Henkel, at New Market, Virginia, and Rev. Philip 
Henkel, at Richland Church, Randolph County, North 
Carolina. Committee — Revs. A. J. Fox and S. Henkel. 

Prof. J. S. Koiner was invited to a seat within the bar 
of Synod. 

The committee on reception of Concordia High School 
not being prepared to report, the committee, consisting of 
Revs. J. C. Moser, S. Henkel, D. D., C. H. Bernheim, and 
Messrs. A. Costner and C. T. Sigman, was continued. 

Appropriations were made for two beneficiary students. 

The consideration of the proposed amendments to the 
constitution, was postponed till the next convention. 

Prof. J. S. Koiner, after sustaining a regular examina- 
tion, was ordained. 

The committee, appointed to report on the recommen- 
dation of the Committee on the President's Report, in regard 
to awaking a greater interest in Beneficiary Education, 
submitted the following : 

That a committee of one be appointed in each confer- 
ence, whose duty it shall be to call, by correspondence or 
otherwise, attention to the duties relative to this important 
matter, urging the congregations, through the ministers, or 
in any other way, to consider the propriety of aiding with 
their substance this much needed work, by contributing 
liberally; or to devise some systematic plan for raising 
means for such purpose, putting them in remembrance of 
these duties and privileges. 

Relative to the colored people, or freedmen, the fol- 
lowing action was taken : 

Resolved, That the ministers of this Synod make all 
efforts in their power to educate religiously the colored peo- 
ple, by preaching, lecturing, and catechisation, with a view 
sooner or later of getting men of their own color to look 
after the spiritual interests of their race in connection with 
the Lutheran Church. 



214 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

During this year, the Parochial Report shows 494 in- 
fant and 32 adult baptisms, and 168 confirmations. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Jacob's Church, Lex- 
ington County, South Carolina, Saturday before the third 
Sunday in October, 1882. 

Sixty-second Session. 

This meeting was held in St. Jacob's Church, Lexing- 
ton County, South Carolina, commencing October 14, 1882. 

The officers elected were Revs. S. Henkel, D. D., presi- 
dent ; J. Paul Stirewalt, secretary ; J. M. Smith, correspond- 
ing secretary ; and M. L. Little, treasurer. 

The committee, appointed at the last session, to ordain 
D. A. Goodman, if found qualified, reported that the3^ had 
ordained him ; and so too, in regard to the ordination of W- 
P. Cline. The names of Goodman and Cline were ordered 
to be enrolled in the clerical catalogue of Synod. 

The consideration of the amendments proposed to the 
Constitution, was postponed to the next meeting of Synod. 

The President having called, in his report, attention 
to the death of Rev. John S. Bennick, a committee was 
appointed to prepare suitable resolutions relative to that 
matter. At the proper time the following paper was pre- 
sented and adopted : 

We, your committee, appointed to prepare suitable reso- 
lutions, have adopted the following : 

Whereas, It hath pleased Almighty God, in his all- 
wise Providence, to remove our lamented brother, J. S. 
Bennick, from his work on earth to his reward in heaven ; 
be it 

Resolved 1. That we bow in humble submission to the 
will of Him who doth all things well. 

Resolved 2. In his death, the Church militant has lost 
a most efficient and faithful laborer. 

Resolved 3. That a copy of these resolutions be spread 
upon the face of the Minutes, and that one page be devoted 
to his memory. 






XTJTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 21 5 

Resolved 4. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to 
liis bereaved family. 

St. Stephen's Church, Shenandoah County, Cedar Point 
Church, and Alma Fairview Church, Page County, Virginia, 
and Killian's, Catawba County, North Carolina, were re- 
ceived. 

Rev. P. Miller conveyed to Synod the fraternal greet- 
ings of the South Carolina Synod, and, at the request of the 
President, Rev. A. J. Fox replied in a few pertinent remarks. 

Rev. A. 1^ Crouse offered the following : 

Resolved, That we recommend "Grades in the Minis- 
try," a book by the late Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, to the careful 
study and impartial examination of our people, both clerical 
and lay. 

Synod having been informed, that a committee of two 
ministers and one layman, was appointed to meet and confer 
with a similar committee from this S}mod, in regard to such 
territory as may be in dispute between the two Synods, 
Revs. A. J. Fox, P. C. Henkel, and Mr. A. Costner, were ap- 
pointed to confer with a committee, appointed by the North 
Carolina Synod, in regard to such territory as may interlap 
between the two Synods. 

The following resolutions were passed ; 

Resolved, That it be the duty of our ministers to obtain 
the number of baptized persons, infants and adults, as well 
as that of the communicant members, and report the result 
of their efforts to the next session of Synod, with a view to 
arranging our Parochial Report, so as to give the whole 
strength of our Synod, by adding a column for the insertion 
of such members. 

Resolved, That until otherwise ordered, at the future 
meetings of this Synod, Sunday afternoons shall be devoted 
to Sunday-school work ; and the pastors loci where synodical 
meetings are held are charged with the duty of making the 
necessary arrangements, to give interest and effect to these 
services. 

Whereas, It is meet and right, that the dignity, sacred- 



21 6 HISTORY OF THK KVANGEI^rCAI, 

ness, and solemnity of the ministerial office be preserved 
and perpetuated, and in order that it may not be lowered 
and disparaged, be it 

Resolved, That Synod recommend, that all applicants 
for examination and ordination, and for whom there are 
petitions to Synod from a congregation, or congregations, 
praying for such examination and ordination, and extend- 
ing a call or a request for pastoral services on the part of 
the subject of such petition or petitions, appear at some 
session of this Synod, prepared to submit to such examina- 
tion, and, if found qualified, to receive such ordination, and 
be it further 

Resolved, That it is the sentiment of this Synod, that 
this recommendation should be acquiesced in, in all possi- 
ble cases, as the order of Synod in all ordinary cases. 

Mr. J. P. Price, of Lexington County, South Carolina, 
was received as a student for the ministry. Appropriations 
were made for two beneficiaries. 

The following paper was read before Synod and dis- 
cussed to a limited extent : 

Whereas, The Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod 
has in time past held aloof from direct connection with other 
Lutheran bodies in this country, from reasons patent and 
well known to all persons acquainted with her history ; and 
since said reasons have been dispelled by other bodies, plant- 
ing themselves on the same basis as ourselves ; and 

Whereas, In union and co-operative energy there is 
resistless strength ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod, now in convention assembled, do adopt the Consti- 
tution of "The Evangelical Lutheran General Synod in 
North America," and do elect a delegation, proportioned 
according to Article II. of said Constitution, to represent 
this Synod in the next regular convention of said General 
Synod, to sit in the city of Charleston, in April proximo. 

In regard to it the following action was taken : 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 217 

Whereas, A paper is before Synod, asking Synod to 
take into consideration the propriety of effecting some con- 
nection with the Southern Evangelical Lutheran General 
Synod ; and 

Whereas, This is a matter which requires careful and 
matured consideration, hence, in view of the late hour of 
this session of Synod, in which the said paper was offered, 
be it 

Resolved, That this paper be deferred to our next 
annual session of Synod, for consideration. 

A motion was made, and prevailed, to enroll all the 
churches in connection with this Synod. 

During the past year, according to the Parochial Re- 
port, 38 adults and 675 infants were baptized, and 361 
persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in the Chapel of Concordia 
College, Conover, North Carolina, October 13, 1883. 

Obituary of Rev. John Silvanus Bennick. — Rev. John Silvanus 
Bennick, after several days confinement to his bed, departed this life 
at 8 P. M., on March 22, 1882 ; aged 44 years, 5 months and 29 days. 

He was born, a son of Philip J. and Susan {nee Henkel) Bennick, 
in Catawba County, North Carolina, and came to New Market, Shen- 
andoah County, Virginia, in the year 1859, where he entered the New 
Market Academy, and pursued a literary course with a view to the 
Gospel ministry. 

In September, 1861, he entered the Confederate Army, in the 
infantry service, in which he continued till the surrender. As soon as 
he returned from the army, he resumed his literary branches, and en- 
tered on a theological course of study under the supervision of Rev. S. 
Henkel, D. D. 

He entered the ministry of the Gospel in the year 1866, still, how- 
ever, pursuing his regular course of studies under the direction of his 
preceptor, until he was well indoctrinated. After the death of the late, 
lamented Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, he received a regular call to that charge, 
and continued to labor in it most successfully and efficiently till June, 
1880, when his health and strength partially failed. From this date, 
his charge being unwilling to accept his resignation, he continued to 
serve it, with occasional interruptions, however, till August, 1881. In 
September, 1881, he tendered his resignation, after which he performed 
few ministerial acts. He was most actively and energetically engaged 



2 1 8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

in the work of the ministry for 15 years. Besides serving his large 
charge, he performed considerable missionary labor, often preaching 
on week days. 

Three excellent church edifices of modern style were erected in 
his charge during his ministry, and one congregation organized, and 
an ordinary church erected for its occupancy. His ministerial acts, 
in regard to baptisms — infant and adult — confirmations, funerals, &c. , 
were numerous. The number of marriage ceremonies performed was 
one hundred and sixty -five. 

He was a grandson of Rev. David Henkel, one of the founders of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and a nephew of Revs. P. 
C. Henkel, D. D., and S. Henkel, D. D. 

He was naturally endowed with all the traits, qualities, and facul- 
ties so essential to the office of the ministry, and these with liberal 
attainments and indomitable energy, fidelity, and perseverance, gave 
him that success which so signally crowned his efforts. 

On December 22, 1867, he entered into the holy estate of matri- 
mony with Miss Elizabeth Emma, only living daughter of the late 
Peter J. and Elizabeth Wise of Rockingham County, Virginia. 

His funeral services were rendered in Emmanuel Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church, New Market, Va., and his body appropriately interred 
in the cemetery of said church, in the midst of a large and sympathiz- 
ing concourse of people from the town and country. The services 
were rendered and a suitable sermon preached by Rev. J. Paul Stire- 
walt, accompanied with appropriate remarks and prayer by Rev. J. A. 
Sn3'der. 

Thus a faithful laborer in the vineyard of Christ has been removed 
from the church militant to the church triumphant, to enjoy that crown 
of life secured by the Savior for all the faithful. 

Sixty -third Session. 

This session of Synod convened in the Chapel of Con- 
cordia College, Conover, North Carolina, October 13, 1883. 

The officers were Revs. J. R. Peterson, president ; A. 
L. Crouse, secretary; C. H. Bernheim, corresponding secre- 
tary; and J. N. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Revs. A. L. Yount, of the Pittsburgh Synod, andM. J. 
Stirewalt, of the Indiana Synod, were received as advisory 
members. 

The following candidates for the ministry, J. A. Rudi- 
sill, D. J. Settlemyre, D. A. Sox, Prof. J. F. Moser, and P. 
C. Wike, were invited to seats. 



LUTHERAN TKNNKSSKE SYNOD. 219 

Rev. H. M. Brown, of the North Carolina Synod, and 
Mr. W. S. Shepherd, student of the South Carolina Synod, 
were invited to seats. 

The committee, appointed to meet a similar committee 
of the North Carolina Synod, to make some arrangements 
to prevent conflicts in church work, submitted the following 
report, which was adopted : 

Your committee beg leave to submit the following : 
After some epistolary correspondence between the chairmen 
of the respective committees, in regard to the duty assigned 
them — the members of the committees from their respective 
synods, met in the town of Hickory, Catawba County, 
North Carolina, in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in 
that place, on the 27th day of March, 1883. An organiza- 
tion was effected by electing Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D., Presi- 
dent, and Rev. Iy. A. Bikle, D. D., Secretary. The meeting 
was a very cordial one — the discussions fraternal and re- 
spectful, and the decisions prompt and unanimous. 

The following paper was presented, carefully considered, 
and adopted by items, and then with great readiness and 
unanimity, it was adopted as a whole : 

"We, the undersigned committees, appointed by the 
North Carolina and Tennessee Synods, at their sessions in 
1882, respectfully submit the following as the conclusions 
and results of our deliberations at Hickory, North Carolina, 
on the 27th of March, 1883, relative to the important matter 
placed in our hands. The object of our meeting being to 
mature and to submit, for the consideration of and the 
adoption by said Synods in convention assembled, some 
expedient, judicious, equitable plan, or policy, to prevent — 
between these Synods in their efforts to extend the Redeem- 
er's Kingdom in the occupancy of places, the establishment 
of missions, the erection of church edifices, the organization 
of congregations, etc., — conflicts calculated to disparage the 
efforts at and the prosperity of such places, establishments, 
erections, organizations, etc., as are already occupied and 
inaugurated by the one or the other of these Synods, and 



220 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELIC AL 

in process of existence, we submit the subjoined plan or 
policy as practicable and effective : 

i. That inasmuch as the aforesaid Synods confess, and 
teach in accordance with the confessional basis of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church, as set forth in her Symbols, 
and so long as these Synods shall thus confess and teach, 
neither Synod, in its efforts to promote the Gospel and 
cause of Christ, shall occupy places, erect churches, estab- 
lish missions, organize congregations, etc., where such 
things have already been done or instituted by the other, 
in villages or towns whose inhabitants do not exceed 2,000; 
and, so too, in regard to churches and church work in the 
country or communities, as due respect should be paid to 
locations at a reasonable distance, in order to prevent con- 
flict of interest by the inauguration of such efforts too nearly 
contiguous. 

2. That in towns or cities the number of whose inhab- 
itants shall exceed 2,000, or shall be large enough to sup- 
port two or more Lutheran Churches, it may be advantageous 
and proper for both Synods to operate without any view of 
conflict or infringement. 

3. That when or where the one Synod has a member 
or members residing in a community, village, or town, 
already occupied by the other Synod, it shall be the duty 
of that Synod, having such member or members, to advise 
the same to unite with those of the Lutheran faith already 
engaged in the Redeemer's work in such town or village. 

4. That in all proper efforts to promote the interests of 
the Church, friendly Christian relations between the two 
Synods shall be maintained and cherished, each respecting 
the rights of the other, as it becomes Christians to do in 
the dissemination of the Gospel, and in the promotion of 
the Church. 

This paper was subscribed by each member of the re- 
spective committees, as follows : L. A. Bikle, S. Rothrock, 
D. R. Hoover, Committee of North Carolina Synod ; A. J. 



I.UTHKRAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 221 

Fox, P. C. Henkel, Ambrose Costner, Committee of Ten- 
nessee Synod. 

Inasmuch as the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North 
Carolina has, in her late annual convention, adopted these 
articles of agreement, your committee most respectfullj^ 
recommends their unanimous adoption by this Synod. 

In regard to a letter, signed by G. L. Hunt, M. L. 
Carpenter, D. C. Huffman, C. H. L. Schuette, making a 
formal request to meet in a free conference the members of 
this Synod, or as many as are willing to meet with them, 
in or near Conover, on or about the 16th proximo, leaving 
it to this Synod to fix the exact time and place of meeting, 
a committee of two was appointed to meet the undersigned 
individuals of said letter, and ascertain the direct aim and 
purpose of such proposed conference, and that said com- 
mittee report early to this Synod. This committee reported 
as follows : 

We, the committee, appointed to convey the action of 
this Synod in regard to a certain paper, addressed to this 
Synod, signed by B. L. Hunt and others, requesting a free 
conference, submit, that we conveyed the said action of this 
Synod relative to this paper, and had a short interview with 
them, and that they furnished us no definite response, but 
intimated that, as their meeting had adjourned, it was too 
late at this time for such conference. 

The Lutheran Church at Newton, and that at Antioch, 
North Carolina, were received. 

The Secretary was ordered to add a column to the 
Parochial Report, in which he shall place the number of 
souls, as far as reported, and that all our ministers be re- 
quested to report annually the whole number of souls 
belonging to their charges, that is, all entitled to commune, 
as well as all who are baptized — 'and not confirmed, in their 
respective charges. 

The following report of the Committee on the Recep- 
tion of Concordia College was received, considered, and 
adopted : 



222 HISTORY OF THK EVANGEUCAI, 

We, the committee, appointed by Synod to confer with 
the Trustees of Concordia College, and prepare an agree- 
ment which may serve as a basis upon which said school 
may become the recognized institution of Synod, present 
the following report : 

A meeting of the Board of Trustees having been called, 
the following resolution was adopted : 

Whereas, There seems to be a general desire to estab- 
lish proper relations between Concordia College and the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and 

Whereas, It is generally believed that such relations 
would inure to the interest of this school, as well as to the 
good of the Synod or Church, at a meeting held in said 
institution on October 15th, by the Board of Trustees, the 
Faculty, and others immediately interested, the following 
action was taken : 

Resolved, That, with a view of establishing proper re- 
lations between Concordia College, situated at Conover, 
North Carolina, and the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod, we, in meeting assembled, agree, 1. that whenever 
a vacancy, or vacancies, occur, either by death, resignation, 
or removal, in the Board of Trustees or in the Faculty, the 
said Synod shall have the right as well as the privilege to 
recommend a suitable person, or persons, to fill such vacan- 
cy, or vacancies; 2. that the Synod shall have the right to 
appoint a Board of Visitors, whose duty it shall be annually 
to visit said school, and make such report of the condition 
of the school to each session of the Synod, as may be deemed 
most advantageous ; 3. that it shall be the duty of the 
President of the Faculty to make a report annually to 
Synod, relative to the moral and literary condition of the 
school, which report shall also be signed by the secretary of 
the faculty ; 4. that the President of the Board of Trustees 
shall also make an annual report to Synod, in regard to the 
financial condition of the school, which report shall likewise 
be signed by the secretary of the Board of the Trustees ; 5. 
that this school shall be continued and conducted as a church 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 223 

institution, under such rules and regulations, as may be in- 
stituted by the Board of Trustees, in accordance with the 
charter, and the Confessions of the Church as set forth in 
the Christian Book of Concord, each teacher, instructor, or 
professor, taking an obligation not to teach anything in said 
school that is contrary to said Confessions, 

These stipulations or propositions shall be valid and 
in force, provided the said Synod shall acquiesce, and is 
disposed to lend said institution its fostering care and 
encouragement, as well as its influence and moral force ; 
provided, that if the Synod shall fail, after notice, to re- 
commend, in due time, a suitable person or persons to fill 
such vacancy or vacancies, the proper authorities of said 
institution, shall proceed to fill such vacancy or vacancies. 

The following was offered and adopted : 

Resolved, That we, as a Synod, accept the propositions 
made to us by the Board of Trustees of Concordia College, 
and that in consideration of the rights and privileges therein 
granted, we will lend to said institution our fostering care, 
influence, and moral support. 

The Committee on Amendments to the Constitution 
and By-Laws submitted a report, which was adopted. The 
Constitution as revised and amended, reads as follows : 

Constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, 

(As Revised in 1883.) 

Article I. The name of this Synod shall be The 

EVANGEUCAE LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 

Article II. The Holy Scriptures, the inspired writings 
of the Old and New Testaments, shall be the only rule and 
standard of doctrine and church discipline. 

As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 
the Holy Scriptures, in regard to matters of faith and prac- 
tice, this Synod receives the three Ancient Symbols : the 
Apostolic, Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds ; and the Unal- 
tered Augsburg Confession of Faith. It receives also the 
other Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 



224 HISTORY OF THK EVANGELICAL 

viz.: The Apology, the Smalcald Articles, the Small and 
Large Catechisms of Luther, and the Formula of Concord 
— as true Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught 
in the Augsburg Confession. 

Article III. This Synod is an association of congre- 
gations. Its conventions shall be composed of regularly 
ordained ministers in their connection, and their lay- 
delegates. 

Each one of these congregations shall have the right 
to appoint one such delegate, who shall have equal rights 
and privileges with the ministers transacting the business 
of Synod. 

Every minister desiring to be received into connection 
with this Synod, shall, on his reception, be required to sub- 
scribe this Constitution. 

No minister, in connection with this Synod, shall be 
allowed to teach any thing, nor shall Synod transact any 
business contrary to the confessional basis as set forth in 
Article II. 

Article IV. The business of this Synod shall be to 
employ the proper means for the promulgation of the Gospel 
of Jesus Christ, to impart its advice in matters of Christian 
faith and life, to detect and expose erroneous doctrines and 
false teachers, to recommend orthodox liturgies, hymn- 
books, catechisms, parochial and Sunday-school books, to 
engage in missionary work, domestic and foreign, to aid 
indigent young men in preparing for the work of the minis- 
try, and to investigate charges of false doctrines, wrong 
practices, and immoralities of life, preferred against any of 
its ministers, and, finding them guilty, to suspend or expel 
from Synod such as are deemed unworthy to bear the office, 
and advise their pastorates to sever their official relations 
with them. 

Upon application to examine candidates for the minis- 
try, this Synod shall make the necessary provisions to attend 
to such application, and, after due approval, appoint one or 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 225 

more pastors to consecrate such candidate to the office of 
the ministry, by the laying on of hands and prayer. 

Synod shall require a probationary period of not less 
than one year, during- which time all candidates for the 
ministerial office shall be taken on trial. 

Upon application, this Synod may receive congrega- 
tions in its connection, provided they subscribe this Con- 
stitution. 

ArticeE V. The officers of this Synod shall be a 
President, Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, and Treas- 
urer. A majority of all votes cast will be required to con- 
stitute an election to any office. The duties of these officers 
shall be such as usually devolve upon the same in other 
public bodies, or as may be made obligatory upon them 
from time to time by Synod. They shall be elected by 
ballot, at the regular session, annually, and hold their 
offices until their successors are elected. 

ArticeE VI. Synod shall meet from time to time upon 
its own adjournments. Extra sessions may be called by 
the President, when requested for good and sufficient reasons, 
to do so, by two ministers and two lay-men in its connection. 

ArticeE VII. Synod may at any regular meeting, by 
a concurrence of two- thirds of all the members present, make 
such regulations and by-laws as may be deemed necessary, 
not inconsistent with this Constitution. 

ArticeE VIII. If anything contained in these articles 
should hereafter be deemed contrary to the Confessional 
Basis of this Synod, oppressive, or inexpedient, it may be 
altered or amended. But nothing contained in this Consti- 
tution shall be altered or amended unless a proposition for 
alteration or amendment shall have been laid before one of 
the sessions of Synod, in writing, and agreed to by two- 
thirds of all the members voting. The proposition thus 
agreed to, shall then be laid, in due form, by the Synod in 
its Minutes before the congregations in its connection, for 
ratification or rejection by them ; and the ministers or vest- 
ries of these congregations shall, at some suitable time, 



226 HISTORY OF THK EVANGEUCAI, 

before the next succeeding session of Synod, take the vote 
of these congregations, on the Constitution as amended, 
allowing the members to vote for its ratification or rejection 
and send a statement of the vote to that session of Synod. 
If, then, it shall be ascertained by Synod that a majority of 
these congregations have voted in favor of ratification, the 
amendment shall become and be declared by Synod on the 
face of its Minutes a valid part of said Constitution, and the 
parts thereof repugnant to such alteration, void. 



Relative to districting the S3mod, joint union, and 
union with the General Synod South, the following action 
was taken : 

Whereas, The Committee on Letters and Petitions 
recommend, that the three State Conferences, composing 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, be resolved 
into three synods, confined by State lines ; second, that the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, in order to perpet- 
uate her history, &c, be denominated the Joint Tennessee 
Synod, and meet in triennial conventions on middle ground, 
composed of the above-named three district synods, and 
such other synods as may desire to unite with us, for the 
purpose of transacting and having the superintendence of 
the general church work of said joint synod; we, your 
committee, respectfully recommend, that this matter be 
referred to these Conferences for consideration, indicating 
their wishes. 

Whereas, At its last session, a paper was laid before 
our Synod, asking it to take into consideration the propriety 
of effecting some connection with the Southern Evangelical 
Lutheran General Synod ; and 

Whereas, The following action was taken by our Synod, 
relative to that request, 

Resolved, That this paper be deferred to our next 
annual session of Synod for consideration ; and 

Whereas, There is a desire, as well as an element at 
work, to establish a more general union among the Evan- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 227 

gelical Lutheran Synods South, in the form of a General 
Lutheran Southern Synodical Conference, based on the 
Confessions of the Church, as extant in the Christian Book 
of Concord ; be it, therefore, 

Resolved 1. That in view of this aspect of things, we 
deem it inopportune to take any action at this time, in re- 
gard to that paper or request ; 

Resolved 2. That it is the sentiment of this Synod, if 
there be sufficient internal union to justify external, organic 
union, that union in the form of a General Southern Lu- 
theran Synodical Conference, properly based on the Con- 
fessions of the Church, with only advisory power, and 
invested with the more general operations of the Church, is 
the safest, and most feasible, and churchly policy that can 
be inaugurated, under the present circumstances ; 

Resolved 3. That with a view of accomplishing this 
desirable object, this Synod appoint a committee, consisting 
of three from Virginia, four from North Carolina, and two 
from South Carolina, whose duty it shall be, provided the 
move meet with sufficient encouragement in their judgment, 
to co-operate with other similar committees, or individuals, 
who may favor such move, in appointing a suitable time 
and place for the assembling of such a diet, and to repre- 
sent this Synod in such diet, to inaugurate such Southern 
Lutheran Synodical Conference, submitting the result of 
their efforts and actions to the different synods for their ap- 
proval or disapproval ; and, if deemed proper, appoint an- 
other time and place for the consummation of such conference. 

We would further submit, that we rejoice to be able to 
state, that this sentiment is indicated in resolutions passed 
by the late sessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston 
Synod, as set forth in its Minutes, transmitted to our Synod, 
as well as in resolutions passed at the recent sessions of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Virginia Synod, communicated to us 
in session assembled, in which a time and place are desig- 
nated for the holding of a diet or other conference for such 
purpose. 



228 HISTORY. OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Appropriations were made for six beneficiary students. 
The following candidates for the ministry were, after 
examination, ordained: D. J. Settlemyre, J. A. Rudisill, 
and D. A. Sox. Prof. Junius B. Fox being absent, a com- 
mittee was appointed to examine him, and, if found quali- 
fied, to ordain him. 

The following were appointed as delegates to the pro- 
posed Diet: Rev. S. Henkel, D. D., Rev. A. L. Crouse, 
Maj. A. Koiner, from Virginia; Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D., 
Rev. C. H. Bernheim, Rev. M. L. Little, A. Costner, Esq., 
from North Carolina ; Rev. J. S. Koiner and H. A. Meetze, 
Esq., from South Carolina. 

During this year, 588 infants and 36 adults were bap- 
tized, and 264 persons were confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Mary's (Pine) Church, 
Shenandoah County, Virginia, September 27, 1884. 

Sixty -fourth Session. 

This meeting assembled in St. Mary's (Pine) Church, 
Shenandoah County, Virginia, September 27, 1884. 

Its officers were Rev. C. H. Bernheim, president ; I. 
Conder, secretary; A. L- Crouse, corresponding secretary; 
and J. N. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Rev. J. I. Miller, of the Virginia Synod, and Prof. J. 
D. Dreher, Ph. D., of Roanoke College, Virginia, were in- 
vited to seats. 

St. John's Church, Rockingham County, Virginia, was 
received. 

By means of a letter, Rev. F. W. E. Peschau, corre- 
sponding delegate of the North Carolina Synod, conveyed 
the fraternal greetings of that synod to the members of this 
Synod. 

The committee to draft and submit articles on the death 
of Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D., presented the following: 

Whereas, Our Lord God has again wisely chastened 
us by the removal from our midst of Rev. Alfred J. Fox, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 22'Q. 

and reminded us of his over-ruling providence in calling 
his servant from his labors here to his rest in heaven— 

Resolved, That in the death of Father Fox, we recog- 
nize the loss of a noble and successful servant in the Master's 
earthly work ; an earnest, zealous co-laborer, and a warm- 
hearted friend and brother. 

Resolved, That we bow, humbly, to the call of l£im 
who never errs and only wounds to heal. 

Resolved, That our sympathies are extended to the 
bereaved widow and family, and that, while we mourn with 
them, we cherish upon the altar of his memory fond recol- 
lections of his virtues. 

Resolved, That this feeble tribute be placed upon a 
separate page of our Minutes, one copy sent to the widow of 
our brother, and one be published in Our Church Paper. 

After a satisfactory examination, Rev. H. Wetzel and 
Rev. Prof. J. I. Miller, D. D., were received and enrolled 
as members of this Synod. 

Having sustained the required examination, Messrs. 
David I. Offman, of New Market, Virginia, and John Q. 
Lippard, of North Carolina, were received as students with 
a view to the ministry. 

There having been a call at the previous session for the 
publication of the Christian Book of Concord in its third 
edition, Henkel & Co., New Market, Virginia, were ap- 
pointed to give that matter proper attention. 

D. D. Seitz, President of the Board of Trustees of Con- 
cordia College, and Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D., President of 
the Faculty of said College, presented favorable reports 
relative to that institution. 

Mr. Iy. Iy. Lohr, of Gaston County, North Carolina, 
was recognized as a student of theology. 

The High School at Dallas, Gaston County, North 
Carolina, Rev. Prof. M. L. Little, principal, was recognized 
as a church institution and favorably commended. 

The following persons, in addition to those already in 
office, were elected Trustees of Conover College : Rev. A. 



2 JO HISTORY OF THE EV ANGELICAS 

Iy. Crouse and Hon. A. Koiner, of Virginia ; Rev. R. A. 
Yoder, of North Carolina; Maj. H. A. Meetze and Mr. D, 
H. Wheeler, of South Carolina, 

Appropriations were made for seven beneficiaries. 

The time and place for the proposed Church Diet was 
agreed upon, by those concerned. The time was November 
12, 1884, and the place, Salisbury, North Carolina. 

According to the Parochial Report, 650 infants and 41 
adults were baptized, and 381 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Peter's (Meetze' s), 
Lexington County, South Carolina, October 31, 1885. 

Obituary of Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D. — Died on the 10th day of June, 
1884, at his home in Lincoln County, North Carolina, after an illness 
of one week, Rev. A. J. Fox, M. D. ; aged 66 years, 9 months, and 4 
days. On the day following, his remains were buried at Salem Church, 
Lincoln County, North Carolina, Rev. R. A. Yoder rendering the funeral 
services, assisted by Rev. J. M. Smith. Notwithstanding the inclem- 
ent weather and in the midst of harvest, there was a very large con- 
gregation present, to pay a last tribute of respect to an aged and 
venerable minister of the Gospel. Rev. R. A. - Yoder addressed the 
congregation, basing his remarks on Numbers 23, 10 : "Let me die 
the death of the righteous !" 

The Rev. Dr. A. J. Fox was married to Lydia Bost in the year 
1842. He leaves a widow and 11 children, 7 sons and 4 daughters. 

He entered the Lutheran ministry in 1837, and labored constantly 
in that work until within a few days of his death ; extending over a 
period of 47 years. He labored during this whole period in connec- 
tion with the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod ; while his work 
was confined within the limits of the Tennessee Synod, his influence 
was felt in the whole Lutheran Church of this country, as he was 
frequently corresponding delegate to other Lutheran bodies. He 
always held positions of honor and trust in his Synod, and was for 
many years one of her leading spirits. He gave direction and counsel 
in all her interests, and was an able advocate and defender of the pure 
doctrines of the Church of the Reformation. 

He was a man of extraordinary energy and physical strength. He 
served as many as eight or nine congregations at the same time, in 
addition to his professional duties as physician, and the cares and 
duties of a large household. 

Two of his sons are in the Lutheran ministry — one Rev. L. A. 
Fox, D. D. , is an eminent scholar, and an able professor in Roanoke 



XUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 23 1 

College, Salem, Virginia. The other, Rev. J. B. Fox, is laboring in 
connection with the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod, in East 
Tennessee. Two of his sons are following the medical profession with 
eminent success. One, Dr. A. C. Fox, lives in Waynesboro, Virginia ; 
the other, Dr. Frank Fox, is at the old homestead and was practicing 
in connection with his father. Of his remaining sons, one is a farmer, 
and the other two are boys at home with their mother. 

Of his four daughters, three are the wives who grace the homes of 
some of our best citizens, and one a widow. 

An eminently successful career has closed with his life, and by his 
death, the State and community have lost a valuable citizen ; the 
Church and Synod, an able, active, and energetic minister ; and the 
family, a kind father and dear husband. 

By his "works of faith and labors of love," he "being dead yet 
.speaketh. ' ' The souls whom he has been instrumental in saving, the 
churches which he has helped to build., the brethren whom he has 
counseled, the voice of pen and pulpit, all speak : 

"Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth ; yea, 
saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors, and their works 
do follow them." "Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of 
Iris saints." "Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright ; for the 
end of that man is peace. ' ' 

He has been called to his reward, and is now in the fellowship of 
angels and saints, around the throne of God. 

He "fought a good fight," he "kept the faith," and now he wears 
the victor's crown. 

Sixty-fifth Session. 

This meeting was held in St. Peter's (Meetze's) Church, 
Lexington County, South Carolina, commencing October 
31, 1885. 

The officers were Revs. J. M. Smith, president ; R. A. 
Yoder, secretary; A. L. Crouse, corresponding secretary; 
and J. K. Efird, treasurer. 

The proposed Diet having met at the time and place 
indicated, and adopted a basis for a more general union 
among the Evangelical Lutheran Sjmods in the South, as 
well as a constitution, the Synod adopted these documents, 
and appointed the following delegates to represent it in the 
next Diet: Revs. S. Henkel, D. D., A. L. Crouse, P. C. 
Henkel, D. D., C. H. Bernheim, M. L. Little, and E. L. 
Lybrand; and Messrs. A. Koiner, A. Costner, and W. A. 



232 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAE 

Meetze. Alternates — Revs. J. P. Stirewalt, J. S. Koiner,, 
and J. K. Kfird ; and Messrs. Philip Killian, W. A. Mauney, 
and C. M. Kfird. 

A committee was appointed to ordain Mr. R. H. Cline. 

The College Chapel congregation, Gaston County, 
North Carolina, was received. 

The Secretary was ordered to make a complete roll of 
the congregations and preaching places itf connection with 
Synod, and have it published in the Minutes. 

The committee, Rev. A. L,. Crouse, on monument for 
Rev. Ambrose Henkel, reported that the monument had 
been erected and paid for, out of funds collected in the 
Valley of Virginia for that purpose. 

The President of the Board of Trustees of Concordia 
College, the President of the Faculty, and the Visiting 
Committee, submitted very favorable and encouraging re- 
ports in regard to that institution. 

Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D., President of Concordia 
College, Conover, North Carolina, having tendered his 
resignation relative to that office, the following resolution 
was adopted : 

Resolved, That in the acceptance of the resignation of 
Rev. P. C. Henkel, as President of Concordia College, by 
this Synod, it does so with regret, and only under a sense 
of duty which is due under statements and representations 
made by him ; and, in parting with him, the Synod desires 
to express its most hearty thanks for the sacrifices which 
he has made gratuitously for the institution, and prays 
God's richest blessings upon him. 

Appropriations were made for six beneficiaries. 

The report shows that during the year 741 infants and 
63 adults were baptized, and 655 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in College Chapel, Dallas, 
Gaston County, North Carolina, November 6, 1886. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 233 

Sixty- sixth Session. 

This session was held in College Chapel, Dallas, North 
Carolina, commencing November 6, 1886. 

The officers were Revs. R. A. Yoder, president; J. 
Paul Stirewalt, secretary; A. L- Crouse, corresponding 
secretary; and J. K. Efird, treasurer. 

The committee, appointed to ordain Robert H. Cline, 
reported that they had attended to that duty. 

Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., having presented an honor- 
able dismission from the South Carolina Synod, and sus- 
tained a satisfactory examination, was received as a member 
of this Synod, and his name ordered to be enrolled in the 
clerical catalogue. 

The following recommendation of the President in his 
report, was sustained : That ' ' Sunday-schools be organized 
in all our congregations, and that sound Lutheran literature 
be used." In regard to this recommendation, it was sug- 
gested that where no such schools already exist, they be 
established, and that only the Holy Scriptures and sound 
Lutheran literature be used. 

His recommendation, "that our people be advised to 
build no more union houses of worship," was adopted. 

Rev. L- A. Fox, D. D., was granted an honorable dis- 
mission to the Southwestern Virginia Synod. 

Holly Grove Church, Davidson County, Pisgah Church, 
Alexander County, North Carolina, Bethel Church, Rock- 
ingham County, Mount Calvary Church, Shenandoah 
County, Virginia, and Zion congregation, Jacksonville, 
Alabama, were received into connection with Synod. 

The following is the report of the delegates to the 
Church Diet, held in Roanoke, Virginia : 

"A second church Diet having been convened at Roan- 
oke, Virginia, June 24, 1886, in accordance with the action 
of the Diet, held in Salisbury, North Carolina, November 
12-13, 1884, and the Evangelical Lutheran Synods con- 
cerned having adopted the Basis for a more general union 



234 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

of these Synods and the congregations of which the}* are 
composed, and the Constitution designed for the government 
of such more general union, as set forth and agreed upon 
by the Diet which met in Salisbury, and the necessary pre- 
liminary regulations having been made, we, the undersigned 
delegates to said Diet, held at Roanoke, cast the vote of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, which we had 
the honor to represent, in accordance with her instructions, 
in favor of the establishment of the more general, organic 
union contemplated, and the action of the other synods 
concerned being favorable to such union, it was effected, on 
the Basis and Constitution indicated, under the name and 
title of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church in the South. Thus with the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod and the Holston Synod, the Southern 
General Synod was merged into one general bod}-. 

We have reason to thank the Great Head of the Church, 
that the true Confessions have been thus again formally 
recognized and acknowledged. The Scriptural premises 
have, in this way, been laid down and agreed to, and by 
prudence, brotherly love, and the influences of the Holy 
Spirit, the conclusions must be. ultimately, inevitable. But 
it will require patience and much judicious work, to attain 
that higher and more churchly plain in regard to doctrine 
and practice. 

After its organization, important business was trans- 
acted by the L'nited Synod, — some of which will require 
the attention of our Synod; as, foreign missions, important 
home missionary work, &c. We trust Synod will take 
such action in regard to these, as she may deem proper. 

S. Hexkel, 
A. Koixer, 
A. L. Crolse, 
E. L. Lybraxd, 
C. M. Efird, 
C. H. Berxhelvl" 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 235 

In regard to this report, the following resolutions were 
offered : 

" 1. That it be adopted. 

2. That, in adopting it, as the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod rejects all ecclesiastical union and co- 
operation which is not based on the pure Lutheran teaching 
and faith ; as, the Exchange of Pulpits, Promiscuous Com- 
munion or Altar Fellowship, Secret Society Worship, and 
Chiliasm, we, the ministers and lay-delegates, in Synod 
assembled, do hereby recommend or advise the Committee, 
or the Chairman of the Committee, appointed by the United 
Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South to 
prepare by-laws for its government, in drafting such by-laws 
so to formulate them as to require every teacher or professor 
who may be appointed as a teacher or professor in any 
Theological Seminary that she may establish or put into 
operation, to take an obligation not to teach, practice, or 
inculcate anything that comes in conflict with these princi- 
ples, or the doctrines of the Church. 

3. That we trust the said United Synod will feel the 
importance of acquiescing in this precautionary request, 
with a view to the good of the Church ; especially as this 
is desired only in work, for which each synod will be held 
responsible in its united efforts, and which it should be 
able to defend and maintain according to the pure doctrines 
and practices of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, as over 
against sectarian innovations and corruptions, leaving each 
synod in connection with the United Synod, in its individ- 
ual, synodical transactions, so to shape its course, as ulti- 
mately to attain that higher plain in doctrine and practice, 
so characteristic of the true Church." 

The above report and resolutions were received and 
adopted by a rising vote. 

The following Regulations in regard to the Work of 
the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in 
the South, were submitted to the said United Synod, at its 
meeting in Savannah, Georgia, November 24-29, 1887, in 



236 t HISTORY OF THK EVANGKUCAI, 

connection with By-Laws and Rules of Order, and ordered 
to be printed in the Minutes, and postponed till the next 
meeting of the United Synod, held in Wilmington, North 
Carolina, November, 1889, for consideration : 

"I. Every important Home Missionary work or enter- 
prise, undertaken by this Synod, shall be under its control 
and supervision, and the property of such enterprise shall 
be conveyed to trustees selected or designated by Synod, to 
be held for the use, benefit, and occupancy of the Evangel- 
ical Lutheran congregation worshiping at that place, and 
adhering to the Confessional Basis of said Synod, until the 
congregation is regularly transferred to an Evangelical 
Lutheran Synod in connection with this Body. 

II. It shall not be the policy of this Synod to commence 
Missionary work at any place, unless the friends of the 
Church, residing at such point, are willing to do a reasona- 
ble part towards building up and supporting the contem- 
plated congregation and the erection of a suitable church 
edifice. 

III. Every minister, teacher, professor, or missionary, 
in an}^ institution or enterprise 'under the supervision or 
control of this United Synod, before entering on the per- 
formance of the duties of his office, shall make an affirma- 
tion that he will inculcate nothing that is in conflict with 
the Doctrinal Basis of this United Synod as defined in its 
Constitution, but that all his religious teachings shall be 
in conformity with the same ; and that he will not foster 
nor encourage intercommunion, or altar fellowship with 
non-Lutherans, or unionistic services, or any secret society 
of a doubtful or deistic character." 

At the session of the United Synod, in Wilmington, 
North Carolina, in 1889, the By-Laws, Rules of Order, and 
Regulations in regard to Work, were again postponed till 
its next meeting. 

The Committee on Church Institutions reported as 
follows : 

"We, your committee, would respectfully report, that 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. ^ 237 

we have had but one paper placed in our hands, from which 
we gather, that Concordia College, Conover, North Caro- 
lina, is in a nourishing condition, having had a larger 
enrollment of pupils than at any previous session. 
Further, we, your committee, recommend : 

1. That the Board of Trustees be the only authority, 
with the sanction of Synod, to elect or employ any of its 
professors or teachers that are in anywise connected with 
the said College. 

2. That, as the Board of Trustees have the only 
authority, with the sanction of Synod, to elect teachers, or 
trustees for said institution, they elect two more members, 
who reside at or near Conover, North Carolina, to be added 
to the Board of Trustees, so that, in any case of emergency, 
a quorum may be had for the transaction of business. 

3. That the advertisement of Concordia College be 
printed upon the last page of the cover of our Minutes." 

The following resolution on Home and Foreign Mis- 
sionary operations, was offered : 

Whereas, In view of the connection which this Synod 
now sustains to the United Synod of the Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church in the South, it will be her duty properly to 
aid in promoting the important home missionary operations, 
as well as the foreign, under the supervision of said United 
Synod, be it 

Resolved, That our ministers be required to bring this 
matter before their respective congregations, and that the 
said congregations are advised to co-operate with their 
pastors in devising waj^s and means to raise not less than 
10 cents per each communicant, by establishing congrega- 
tional treasuries, or woman's societies, or whatever mode 
they may think the better for raising such amounts, and 
that the amounts be raised as soon as possible and sent to 
the Treasurer of our Synod, and the result be reported to 
the next meeting of our Synod. 

The committee on the publication of the Book of Con- 
cord was continued till the next convention of Synod. 



2j8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

The committee on resolutions on Mr. Armentrout,, 
submitted the following : 

We, the committee appointed to prepare suitable reso- 
lutions, submit the following r 

Whereas, It hath pleased God, in whose hands are the 
issues of life and death, to remove our lamented brother, T. 
K. Armentrout, from his labors on earth to his rest in 
heaven ; be it 

Resolved i. That in the death of our brother we recog- 
nize the hand of God, and bow with resigned submission to 
His will. 

Resolved 2. In his death, the Church Militant has lost 
a devoted member, an efficient teacher, and one who gave 
good promise of future usefulness in the Gospel Ministry, 
for which he had prepared himself, and in which he labored 
more or less for a year or two, as a candidate, with efficiency. 

Resolved 3. That a copy of these resolutions be spread 
upon the face of the Minutes. 

Resolved 4. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to 
the sad family of which he was a member. 

After a satisfactory examination, Mr. P. C. Wike was 
ordained. 

Appropriations were made for beneficiaries. 

According to the Parochial Report, 51 adults and 690 
infants were baptized, 474 persons were confirmed, and 1 
ordained as pastor. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Bethlehem Church, Au- 
gusta County, Virginia, August 31, 1887. 

Obituary of Mr. Thomas E. Armentrout. — It is sad to part with 
our loved ones, and especially with those who are faithful servants of 
the Church, but, the rider upon the pale horse is no respecter of per- 
sons. He calls alike upon the noble and ignoble, and commits his 
solemn deed. He has made his visit in the person of Mr. Thomas E. 
Armentrout, who departed this life of malarial fever, after an illness 
of several weeks ; aged 31 years, 9 months, and 11 days. 

Mr. Armentrout two years ago went to Missouri, and . remained 
there some two months, after which he went to Florida, and returned 
home to his father's the next spring, his health being somewhat im- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 239 

proved. He was advised to go South again ; he accordingly went to 
North Carolina. Shortly after his arrival there,, he commenced teach- 
ing a school which was secured for him through the kindness of Rev. 
W. A. Lutz. He obligated himself to teach one month, and if his 
liealth would admit, at the end of said month, he proposed to continue 
the school through the winter season. As his health seemed to be 
sufficient for the task, he continued, and finished a five months' term. 

After taking a rest of one or two months, he was requested by his 
patrons to teach a summer school of two months at the same place, 
which he consented to do, and having continued it within two weeks 
of its close, he was taken with malarial fever, accompanied with chills, 
but was not confined to his bed until the 18th of September, when he 
became very sick, and his hopes of recovery doubtful". He gradually 
grew worse until the evening of the 24th at 6.40 P. M., when his soul 
took its final departure into the presence of God, to receive its final 
reward. 

His brother, C. F. Armentrout, arrived the second day before his 
death, but he was not conscious of his presence ; he took charge of his 
remains and brought it back to his father's ; from thence it was re- 
moved to the cemetery in McGaheysville, Va., accompanied with an 
unusually large number of persons, where it is to rest until the 
morning of the resurrection. 

His character was without reproach, his piety unquestionable, and 
his love for the Church highly commendatory. We feel that we have 
lost a precious jewel in his departure, but we bow in humble submis- 
sion to the dispensation of him who doth all things well, believing 
that our loss has resulted in his everlasting gain. 

He pursued a regular collegiate course of studies in the New 
Market Polytechnic Institute, New Market, Virginia, and received 
the degree of A. B., and then pursued a post-graduate course, and 
received that of A. M. He was an excellent scholar and a close 
student. 

Sixty- Seventh Session. 

This meeting convened in Bethlehem Church, Augusta 
County, Virginia, August 27, 1887. 

The officers elected were Revs. Prof. J. S. Koiner, 
president; J. Paul Stirewalt, secretary; Prof. R. A. Yoder, 
corresponding secretary; and J. N. Stirewalt, treasurer. 

Revs. Prof. J. A. Willis, C. Beard, J. H. Barb, G. W. 
Spiggle, of the Virginia Synod, B. S. Brown, of the North 
Carolina Synod, and L. K. Probst, Secretary of the Board 



240 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

of Missions of the United Synod, were received as advisory 
members. 

The report of the President of Concordia College, and. 
that of the President of the Board of Trustees, were very 
favorable, showing that church institution in a healthy and 
prosperous condition. 

Rev. L. K. Probst, at the request of the President, ad- 
dressed the Synod and the congregation on the subject of 
Home and Foreign Missions. 

The following is the substance of a paper submitted to 
Synod by Rev. F. W. E. Peschau, President and Corre- 
sponding Delegate of the North Carolina Synod, in which 
he conveys the fraternal greetings of that body, and asks 
prayerful and kind attention to an important petition which 
his Synod submits, as follows : 

' ; The kind Christian greetings I bring you are the 
outgrowth of the kind and fraternal relations existing be- 
tween the worthy pastors and faithful members of your 
honorable body, residing in the 'Old North State/ as our 
ecclesiastical neighbors ; yea, brethren, with us in the same 
household of faith. 

The petition I present is an earnest request that your 
honorable body will, in view of the forming of ' the United 
Synod,' and in view of the pleasant relations thus made 
between us, as sister Synods, and in consonance with the 
whole movement to bring about more harmony, peace, 
unity, and strength, both local and general, in our dear 
Evangelical Lutheran Church, South, grant the members 
of the North Carolina Conference, both clerical and lay, 
letters of honorable dismissal to the Evangelical Lutheran 
Synod of North Carolina, that they may be one with us, 
not only in point of a confessional basis, but also one with 
us in corporate organization. 

Will your honorable body grant this request, and thus 
bring about a union of brethren long desired? May the 
Holy Spirit guide all in this important matter?" 

In regard to this the following action was taken : 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 24 1 

Resolved, That it is the sentiment of this body that 
such petition for transfer should proceed first from the 
North Carolina Conference of our Synod. 

Resolved, That whilst we appreciate the cordial, fra- 
ternal spirit manifest in that action, it is the sentiment of 
this Synod, that, in view of the present condition of the 
Church in the South, and the relations which this Synod 
sustains to it, it would be inexpedient, as well as inju- 
dicious, to form such a union ; especially, as it would result 
in disintegrating the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod — a Synod which has done so much towards sustain- 
ing and perpetuating the doctrines of the Church, and which, 
it vSeems, still has a mission to fill, and a history to perpetu- 
ate, — and particularly as there is no necessity for such union, 
since the relations between the two Synods are so fraternal 
as to prevent any conflict in the respective and legitimate 
work or operations of the two Synods, under the happy 
regulations established by them in the year 1883. 

The committee, Rev. M. L. Kox, M. D., appointed to 
collect funds to erect a monument at the grave of Rev. Philip 
Henkel, in Randolph County, North Carolina, reported that 
he had succeeded in erecting a suitable monument at that 
place. 

In regard to the publication of Luther's Small Cate- 
chism, the following action was taken : 

Whereas, We learn that the last edition of Luther's 
Small Catechism, published by S. P. C. & C. C. Henkel, 
New Market, Va. , is exhausted ; and 

Whereas, We need a good, reliable, Lutheran Cate- 
chism for our families, Sunday-schools, and catechumens ; 
be it, therefore, 

Resolved 1 . That we recommend to Henkel & Co. , New 
Market, Va., the propriety of publishing another edition of 
that Catechism ; 

2. That, in the event they publish such an edition, we 
advise our people, teachers, and ministers to use it in their 



242 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

families, Sunday-schools, and catechetical classes, and to 
give it such other circulation as it deserves. 

Rev. D. A. Sox having resigned the mission work in 
Alabama, it was recommended : 

First, That said work in Alabama be made a special 
mission field of this Synod. 

Secondly, That this Sjmod put into, said field, as early 
as possible, a missionary, and sustain him. 

Thirdly, That by adopting this, Synod pledges herself 
to pay her missionary $300.00 per year. 

Fourthly, That the mission be required to raise the 
other $200.00 of a salary of $500.00. 

The following delegates were elected to the United 
Synod which met in Savannah, Georgia, November 24, 1887: 

Principals — Revs. S. Henkel, D. D., A. L. Crouse, J. 
P. Stirewalt, J. C. Moser, R. A. Yoder, P. C. Henkel, D. D., 
W. P. Cline, J. K. Kfird, J. A. Cromer, and Messrs. D. S. 
Henkel, ¥m. Coffman, Philip Killian, James T. Miller, 
John F. Moser, A. M. Huit, D. P. Boger, Maj. Henry A. 
Meetze, Dr. J. W. Kargle. 

Alternates — Revs. John N. Stirewalt, I. Conder, H. 
Wetzel, M. L. Fox, J. R. Peterson, J. S. Koiner, J. A. 
Rudisill, Ifr. J. P. Smeltzer, E. L. Lybrand, and Messrs. 
Ambrose L. Henkel, Isaiah Printz, Isaiah Bowman, C. T. 
Sigman, Tobias Barnes, F. L. Herman, D. M. Wyant, P. S. 
Fulmer, Lewis Shealey. 

In regard to Theological Instruction at Concordia Col- 
lege, Conover, North Carolina, it was moved that Rev. 
Prof. J. S. Koiner continue to devote a portion of his time 
to such instruction, and that the College Board pay him in 
proportion to the labor he performs, out of the funds which 
have been or may be raised for such purpose, and paid into 
the hands of the Treasurer of College. 

During this year, 49 adults and 453 infants were bap- 
tized, and 227 persons confirmed. 

Synod adjourned to meet in St. Peter's (P. W.) Church, 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 243 

Lexington County, South Carolina, on Saturday before the 
first Sunday in October, 1888. 

Sixty-eighth Session. 

This convention met in St. Peter's (P. W.) Church, 
Lexington County, South Carolina, December 1, 1888, the 
time having been postponed. 

The election for officers resulted in favor of Rev. J. C. 
Moser, president ; Rev. A. L- Crouse, secretary ; Rev. W. 
P. Cline, corresponding secretary ; and Rev. J. N. Stirewalt, 
treasurer. 

All Lutheran ministers present were recognized and in- 
vited to seats within the bar of the Synod, with the privi- 
lege of det>ate. Revs. C. A. Marks, Z. W. Bedenbaugh, M. 
J. Bpting, Prof. J. B. Fox, W. A. Julian, and J. A. Sligh 
were announced. Rev. Prof. A. G. Voigt, delegate from 
the South Carolina Synod, presented his credentials and was 
received. 

Rev. W. A. Lutz, delegate from the North Carolina 
Synod, was announced as present. A motion was made to 
receive him, and pending its consideration Synod adjourn- 
ed till the afternoon session. 

Synod resumed the consideration of the reception of the 
delegate of the North Carolina Synod. On motion, it was 
postponed till some subsequent session of this convention. 

The following was passed : 

Whereas, At its recent convention, the Evangelical 
Lutheran North Carolina Synod took certain action in re- 
gard to the course pursued by the Evangelical Lutheran 
Tennessee Synod relative to the application of Rev. B. S. 
Brown for admittance ; and 

Whereas, That action may, in the future, be construed 
as a reflection on the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod ; be it, therefore, 

Resolved 1 . That the Tennessee Synod pursued the same 
course in reference to the said B. S. Brown, as it has relative 
to other similar applicants, for more than three score years ; 



244 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

2. That this Synod can see no good reason for devi- 
ating from that policy, convinced that it is right and proper. 

At a later date, Synod resumed the consideration of the 
reception of the North Carolina Synod's delegate, and the 
following action was taken : 

Rev. W. A. Lutz having appeared as corresponding 
delegate of the Evangelical Lutheran North Carolina Synod, 
and presented his credentials as such, was received ; but it 
is to be regretted, that, in view of the following action taken 
by the North Carolina Synod at its late meeting, relative to 
the course pursued by our Synod in regard to the applica- 
tion of Rev. B. S. Brown, it would be incompatible for this 
Synod to continue such courtesy or correspondence in the 
future, without some modification or satisfactory explanation 
of the intention of that action, which, otherwise, is calcu- 
lated to reflect on our Synod : 

' 'Resolved, That we have heard with pleasure the very 
excellent and able address of Rev. B. S. Brown, regarding 
his non-reception into our sister Synod, the Tennessee 
Synod, and that we rejoice to find that he stood so firmly 
on the confessions of the church and refused to go beyond 
them in accepting opinions or practices that are nowhere 
required or distinctly stated in the symbols of our church." 

The matter of establishing a mission at Asheville, 
North Carolina, was referred to the North Carolina Confer- 
ence of the Synod for consideration. 

A letter from Rev. L. K. Probst, Secretary of the Board 
of Missions of the United Synod, was read, in which atten- 
tion was called to the apportionment of this Synod, due the 
United Synod, of $800 for Home Missions and $400 for 
Foreign Missions, as approximated by the Board. 

The services of a pastor for the Alabama Mission were 
secured. 

The request, made at the previous meeting of Synod, 
for the publication of another edition of Luther's Small 
Catechism, was complied with, Henkel & Co., of New 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 245 

Market, Virginia, having brought out the new publication, 
in its fifth edition, in due time. 

The committee on text-books for Sunday-schools rec- 
ommended the following : 

1. The Bible, or portions of it, and Luther's Small 
Catechism. 

2. As helps to learning the contents of Bible and Cate- 
chism, Little Children's Catechism, My First Book, The 
Child's Book, Stories from Bible History ; and for Song, 
The Little Children's Book. 

3. For more advanced scholars, also, Biblical History 
ill the Words of Holy Scripture, Outlines of Church His- 
tory ; and for Song, The Sunday-school Book. 

Favorable action was taken in regard to the endowment 
of Concordia College, Conover, North Carolina. 

With respect to the relation which the Tennessee Synod 
sustains to the United Synod in the South, the following 
action was taken : 

Whereas, The relations of the different synods, com- 
posing the United Synod of the South, to each other, and 
to the United Synod, as defined in the Basis of Union and 
Constitution of the United Synod, are differently interpret- 
ed ; and 

Whereas, There is some difference of opinion as to 
what rights, privileges, and courtesies should be accorded 
to each individual synod by the other synods ; and 

Whereas, The principles involved in said Article III. 
are held by the Tennessee Synod ; and 

Whereas, Said Article III. has not been adopted by 
the United Synod, but action upon it postponed to its next 
meeting ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That we, the ministers and delegates of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, do emphatically 
reiterate the principles set forth at Dallas, North Carolina, 
in 1886, as our position, viz.: ''That in adopting it (The 
Report of the Delegates to the Diet at Roanoke, Va.), as 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod rejects all eccle- 



246 HISTORY OF THK KVAKGEWCAX^ 

siastical union and co-operation which is not based on the 
pure Lutheran teaching and faith ; as, the Exchange of 
Pulpits, Promiscuous Communion or Altar Fellowship , 
Secret Society Worship, and Chiliasm, we, the ministers 
and lay-delegates, in Synod assembled, do hereby recom- 
mend or advise the committee, or chairman of the committee, 
appointed by the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church in the South, to prepare By-laws for its government, 
in drafting such By-laws, so to formulate them as to require 
every teacher or professor who may be appointed as a 
teacher or professor in any theological seminary that she 
may establish or put into operation, to take an obligation 
not to teach, practice, or inculcate anything that comes in 
conflict with these principles, or the doctrines of the Church. 

' ' That we trust the said United Synod will feel the 
importance of acquiescing in this precautionary request, 
with a view to the good of the church ; especially as this 
is desired only in work for which each Synod will be held 
responsible in its united efforts, and which it should be able 
to defend and maintain according to the pure doctrines and 
practices of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, as over 
against sectarian innovations and corruptions, leaving each 
Synod in connection with the United Synod in its individual 
synodical transactions, so to shape its course as ultimately 
to attain that higher plain in doctrine and practice so charac- 
teristic of the true Church." 

Resolved, That until such position is taken by the 
United Synod, by adopting the principles contained in 
Article III. of proposed By-laws, the Tennessee Synod can- 
not co-operate with the United Synod in her work. 

J. P. Price having sustained a satisfactory examination 
in regard to his qualifications to bear the office of Pastor, 
was ordained. 

J. T. Miller was examined and ordained to the office of 
Pastor, by a special committee, during this synodical year. 

The President having called attention in his regular 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 247 

report to the deaths of Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., and Rev. 
M. L,. Fox, M. D., the following action was taken : 

Whereas, In the providence of God, Revs. M. L,. Fox and 
J. P. Smeltzer, D. D., have been called from their labors in 
the Church militant to their rest in the Church triumphant : 

Resolved 1. That while the Tennessee Synod has lost 
able and efficient ministers of the Gospel, the families dear 
friends and kind husbands, and the States and communities 
honored citizens, we bow in humble submission to the will 
of Him who doth all things well. 

Resolved 2. That we spread these resolutions upon the 
face of our Minutes as an humble tribute of respect to their 
memory, as an appreciation of their worth and merits, and 
as a token of esteem in which they were held. 

Resolved, That a page, containing the name, the date 
of the death, and the age, be devoted to the memory of the 
deceased brethren. 

Rev. S. Henkel having stated to Synod that there is a 
probability that another edition of the New Market, Va., 
edition of the Christian Book of Concord, or Symbolical 
Books, will be published in the near future, if the enterprise 
meet with proper encouragement, it was 

Resolved, That Synod hail with pleasure that announce- 
ment, and shall give it proper encouragement. 

So too, relative to the History of the Tennessee Synod, 
it was 

Moved, That we have heard the statement of Dr. S. 
Henkel with reference to the publication of his History of 
the Tennessee Synod, and that we make earnest efforts to 
introduce the work among our people. 

The report on the state of the Church is quite favorable 
and encouraging. The usual routine business was trans- 
acted in a regular way. 

The following delegates were elected to the next meet- 
ing of the United Synod : 

Principals — Revs. S. Henkel, D. D., A. L. Crouse, J. 
P. Stirewalt, J. C. Moser, J. S. Koiner, J. M. Smith, W. P. 



2^.8 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL, 

Cline, J. A. Rudisill, J. K. Efird, E. L. L,y brand, and 
Messrs. Ambrose L. Henkel, Isaiah Printz, Philip Killian, 
A. M. Huit, Luther Hosteller, J. L. Yount, A. C. Lineber- 
ger, J. S. Lipe, C. M. Efird, Maj. H. A. Meetze. 

Alternates— Revs. I. Conder, John N. Stirewalt, P. C- 
Wike, P. C. Henkel, D. D., M. E. Little, C. H. Bernheim, 
R. A. Yoder, D. J. Settlemyre, D. Efird, J. A. Cromer, and 
Messrs. Wm. Coffman, A. Dodson, D. I. Offman, D. M. 
Wyant, Wm. Yoder, G. M. Yoder, H. F. McCaslin, D. A. 
Coon, W. Henry Hare, D. C. Boland. 

The reports on Literary Institutions were favorable. 

The Parochial Report shows 3 1 ministers, 101 churches, 
89 adult baptisms, '889 infant baptisms, 662 confirmations, 
9,392 communicants, and 14,120 souls. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Holly Grove Church, Ilex, 
Davidson County, North Carolina, November 8, 1889. 

Obituary of Rev. Michael L. Fox, M. D. — At his residence in 
Randolph County, North Carolina, July 22, 1888, Rev. Michael L. Fox, 
M. D., departed this life ; aged 63 years, 6 months, and 10 days. 

He was a son of Christian and Charity Fox. In his infancy he 
was dedicated to God through the Sacrament of Holy Baptism, and at 
a more mature age he entered into full communion with the Evangel- 
ical Lutheran Church, through the rite of Confirmation, Rev. Henry 
Goodman officiating. 

In early life he commenced the practice of medicine, and in that 
profession he proved most successful and efficient. His practice was 
extensive, not only in his own count}', but also in adjoining counties. 
He represented his county, one session, in the State Legislature, with 
satisfaction to his constituents. 

In 1871 he entered the office of the Gospel ministry, in connection 
with the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and, in that capacity, 
proved zealous, faithful, and efficient. He served acceptably, during 
his ministry, three congregations ; one in Randolph County, one in 
Guilford County, and one in Alamance. Notwithstanding his practice 
as a physician was extensive and laborious, he never failed to meet his 
appointments, in an ecclesiastical point of view. 

His remains were placed to rest, till the resurrection mor-i, in 
Melanchthon church yard, Rev. B. W. Cronk rendering the burial 
service in the midst of an unusually large concourse of relatives and 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 249 

sympathizing friends. In all the relations of life, he gained the highest 
esteem among all who knew him. 

On the second Sunday of November, 1888, his funeral was preach- 
ed at Melanchthon Church, Randolph County, N. C, by Rev. P. C. 
Henkel, D. D., from 1 Thess. 4, 13-18, in the presence of a very large 
congregation of relatives and affectionate friends, taking his position 
at the door of the church, as not more than one-third of the people 
could get room in the house. 

He leaves a widow, two daughters, and five sons, — two of whom 
are practicing physicians, — to lament their irreparable loss of a kind 
husband and an affectionate father. Thus another true soldier of the 
cross has been promoted to the triumphant army in that better country. 

Obituary of Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D. — Dr. Smeltzer was born in 
Frederick County, Maryland, September 10, 181 9. He received a 
liberal education, and about the time he reached manhood was or- 
dained a minister of the Lutheran Church. He was for several years 
principal of a well-known and popular educational institution at 
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and was at different times pastor of the 
churches at Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and Salem, Virginia. In 
1 861, so great had become his reputation as an instructor, that he was 
elected president of Newberry College, South Carolina. He removed 
to South Carolina, and conducted the affairs of this institution with 
signal ability when the college was located at Newberry, and after its 
removal to Walhalla until 1879, when the college was again taken 
back to Newberry. In that year he resigned the presidency of the 
institution, and established at his mountain home the Walhalla Female 
College, of which he was the head until 1885. 

During his labors as a teacher, Dr. Smeltzer did not discontinue 
his work in the pulpit. Last spring, his health having given way 
under the ceaseless toil of many years, Dr. Smeltzer came to Charles- 
ton, where he spent the last few months of his life. Dr. Smeltzer was 
a very forcible preacher. He was possessed of profound powers of 
analysis, and preached with great effectiveness. For his theological 
learning the degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by 
Erskine College. 

He was one of the oldest as well as one of the ablest and most 
impressive preachers of his age. 

Soon after the death of his wife, he resigned his position in Wal- 
halla Female Seminary, South Carolina, and having received a call, 
he took charge of the Springhill, South Carolina, charge, and this 
charge being in connection with the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod, he received an honorable discharge from the Evangelical 
Lutheran South Carolina Synod, and was received into the said Ten- 
nessee Synod, October, 1886. 



250 HISTORY OF THE KvANGKLICAI, 

He died at the residence of his son, Mr. John B. Smeltzer, of 
Charleston; South Carolina, October 31, 1887 ; aged 68 years, 1 month, 
and 21 days. His funeral services were conducted by Rev. Dr. Muller 
and Rev. Dr. Horn. His remains were conveyed to Walhalla, and 
interred. 

Sixty- Ninth Session. 

This meeting convened in Holly Grove Church, Ilex, 
Davidson County, North Carolina, November 8, 1889. 

The officers elected were Rev. A. L. Crouse, president ; 
Rev. J. Paul Stirewalt, recording secretary ; Rev. Prof. W. 
P. Cline, corresponding secretary ; Rev. J. N. Stirewalt, 
treasurer ; Rev. J. M. Smith, treasurer beneficiary fund ; 
and Rev. S. Henkel, D. D., assistant treasurer beneficiary 
fund. 

During this session, on proper petitions from congrega- 
tions desiring ministerial services, and after sustaining satis- 
factory examinations, the following theological students 
were ordained to the office of Pastor, Rev. T. Moser preach- 
ing the ordination sermon : J. P. Miller, W. L. Darr, and 
David I. Offman. 

Rev. Prof. J. G. Schaid, having received a letter of 
honorable dismission from the Evangelical Lutheran Synod 
of North Carolina, and sustained a satisfactory examination, 
was received into S}mod. 

Rev. J. F. Moser, who had been, according to resolu- 
tion, examined and ordained, at a convention of the North 
Carolina Conference of the Tennessee Synod, during the 
synodical year, was received into Synod. 

The following applicants for the ministerial office, were, 
after examination and approval, received under the care of 
the Synod : S. S. Keisler, J. T. Craps, G. E. Long, R. L. 
Fritz, D. F. Conrad, A. R. Beck, W. H. Roof, and A. V. 
Sherrill. 

Mt. Tabor, Richland County, South Carolina, Mt. Olive, 
Catawba County, North Carolina, St. Luke's, Union County, 
North Carolina, and Bethel, Prince William County, Vir- 
ginia, were received in connection with Synod. 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 25 1 

The report of the committee on Missions, was quite 
favorable and encouraging, in regard to the work in Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama. 

The reports of the committees on the state of the Church 
and Literary Institutions, were commendable and gratifying. 

Rev T . Prof. J. S. Koiner having resigned, Rev. Prof. R. 
A. Yoder was elected as theological professor in Concordia 
College. 

The President announced the following committee to- 
secure $10,000 for the purpose of erecting new college build- 
ings for Concordia College, Conover, North Carolina : Revs. 
Prof. W. P. Cline, Prof. J. F. Moser, P. C. Wike, Mr. A. 
M. Huit, and Mr. Jonas Hunsucker. 

In regard to an effort being made, to establish a first- 
class female college, to be located in the city of Charlotte, 
North Carolina, which institution is to be conducted in 
accordance with the Confessional Basis of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church, as contained in the Book of Concord, and 
in which Luther's Catechism and Lutheran training are to 
constitute part of the college curriculum, commendable 
action was taken. 

Appropriations were made for three beneficiary students. 

The following report, relative to a formula of distribu- 
tion in the Lord's Supper, was ordered to be spread on the 
minutes, for consideration at the next meeting of Synod : 

Resolved 1. That it is the sense of this body that the 
elements in the Lord's Supper must be distributed with the 
unfailing use of Christ's words ; 

2. That our pastors be, and they are hereby, instructed 
to use the formula of our Synod found in its liturgy, page 
80, namely : 

"Take, and eat ; this is the body of your Savior, Jesus 
Christ, which is given for you ; this do in remembrance of 
him." 

' 'Take, and drink ; this is the blood of your Savior, Jesus 
Christ, which is shed for you, for the remission of sins ; this 
do in [remembrance of him." 



252 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

The words, "May it strengthen and preserve you in the 
true faith, unto life everlasting, Amen," may be used after 
the giving to the whole or any part of the communicants 
present at the altar, but never in the act of giving and re- 
ceiving either element. 

The committee, consisting of Revs. T. Moser, J. R. 
Peterson, and M. L. Little, appointed to report resolutions 
on the death of Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. D., submitted the 
following : 

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God in his wise 
providence to remove our dear brother from his labors in the 
Church militant to his reward in the Church triumphant, 
be it 

Resolved i. That in the death of Brother Henkel the 
Church has lost an able and valiant defender of her time- 
honored doctrines, the Synod a most faithful and devoted 
member, society an excellent neighbor and loyal citizen, and 
the bereaved family an exemplary Christian husband and 
father. 

2. That we humbly submit to this dispensation of our 
Heavenly Father, that we devoutly cherish the memory of 
our beloved brother and fellow-laborer, that we hereby ex- 
press our appreciation of his labors, toils, and sacrifices for 
the cause of Christ, and that we lay seriousl} 7 to heart the 
solemn lesson addressed to us. 

3. That we tender the family of the deceased our sincere 
sympathy in their sad bereavement, and commend them to 
the care of the Good Shepherd and Bishop of souls. 

4. That a copy of these resolutions be sent the afflicted 
family, and that a page of our Minutes be inscribed to the 
memory of our departed brother in Christ. 

Five churches were received. 

Three ministers were ordained to the office of Pastor, 
and two were received, and eight applicants for the ministry 
were taken under the care of Synod. 

In regard to the. History of the Tennessee Synod, it was, 

Resolved, That this Synod hails with delight the forth- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 253 

coming History of the Tennessee Synod, by Rev. S. Henkel, 
D. D.; that it commends it to the hearty reception of its 
pastors and people ; and that it make earnest effort to sell 
it among our people. 

According to the Parochial Report, there were 35 min- 
isters, 105 churches, 660 infant baptisms, 70 adult baptisms, 
462 confirmations, 9,426 communicants, and 14,323 souls. 

During this decade, which lacks one year of being full ; 
that is, nine years instead often, there were 6,040 infants 
baptized and 469 adults, and 3,653 confirmed, and 8 minis- 
ters received. 

Synod adjourned to meet in Mt. Calvary Church, Page 
County, Virginia, on Friday, 10 A. M., before the fourth 
Sunday in October, 1890. 

According to the Parochial Reports, which do not, as 
heretofore indicated, give much more than two-thirds of the 
actual numbers, there were, from the organization of the 
Synod down to, the close of its session in 1889, 42, 150 infant 
baptisms, 6,542 adults, and 795 slaves, and 20,712 confirmed. 

Obituary of Rev. Polycarp C. Henkel, D. D. — On the 20th of 
August, 1820, was born the oldest son of Rev. David and Catharine 
Henkel, in Lincoln County, North Carolina. That son was the Rev. 
Polycarp C. Henkel, D. D., who is a descendant of a long line of dis- 
tinguished Lutheran ministers. He inherited very great physical and 
mental powers from both his parents. 

He was early dedicated to God in Holy Baptism, and was received 
into full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church with St. 
Peter's congregation, Catawba County, North Carolina, having been 
catechised by Rev. Daniel Moser and confirmed by Rev. Adam Miller. 
On the 5th day of September, 1843, he was married to Rebecca Fox, 
of Randolph County, North Carolina, daughter of David Fox. The 
issues of this union were two sons and one daughter. The youngest 
son preceded his father into the spirit world. The other son, Hon. 
David S. Henkel, of New Market, Virginia, and Mrs. Catharine C» 
Lail, of Conover, North Carolina, and his aged widow, survive him, 
to mourn their loss. 

He died at his late residence in Conover, North Carolina, on the 
26th of September, 1889, after a few days of intense suffering, at the 
age of 69 years, 1 month, and 6 days, and was buried at St. Peter's 
Church, Catawba County, North Carolina, September 28, 1889. Rev. 



254 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

J. M. Smith preached the funeral from 2 Tim. 4, 6-8, in the presence 
of hundreds of people who came from far and near. He was followed 
in brief, appropriate addresses, by the pall-bearers, Revs. Yoder r 
Schaid, Koiner, Bernheim, Little, and Rudisill. 

Dr. P. C. Henkel was an extraordinary man, and unique in his 
character. He has been so long and so favorably known in this 
country, that anything like an attempt at a sketch of his life, would 
seem useless ; yet we offer these few lines as a tribute of respect to his 
memory. As a husband and father, he was kind and devoted to his. 
wife and children, anxious for their welfare, both temporal and spirit- 
ual, and supplied them with both precept and example. 

As a neighbor and citizen, he was kind and obliging, always ready 
to do a favor, if it were in his power, frequently disobliging himself 
and family to oblige others. 

Intellectually, he was a powerful man. He was an original 
thinker and a fine logician. He would clinch ever)' argument, and 
in debate and controversy was a formidable antagonist. He would 
consider well, make up his opinion deliberately, and when once made 
up, was very decided. He was immovable from an opinion which was 
the result of long and careful consideration. He would never, for any 
consideration, go back on his word. His word was as sacred to him 
as a most solemn oath. In his manners he was humble and unas- 
suming. Humility was manifest in all his intercourses with his fellow 
man. Integrity was also a salient point in his character. He was 
rigidly honest and truthful. 

As a minister, he was a power. His style of preaching was ex- 
pository, plain, and forciful. He entered the ministry of the Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Church of the Tennessee Synod in 1843, having been 
ordained in Green County, Tennessee. He preached for forty-six 
years without interruption, and wholly in the Tennessee Synod, except 
a few years, while in the State of Missouri, where he led in the organi- 
zation of the English District of the Missouri Synod. He labored 
exceedingly hard in the vineyard of the Lord. At one time he had 
pastoral charge of fifteen congregations. He did an immense amount 
of missionary work, traveled thousands of miles, in cold and heat, and 
rain and storm, in obedience to the call of the Master to this work. 
He never shirked from duty, but was always punctual, and ready to 
speak the word of encouragement to the weak, the word of comfort to 
the sorrowing, the word of life to those seeking a knowledge of the 
way of life. He was an uncompromising antagonist of error, and 
boldly and fearlessly denounced it wherever he met with it. 

As a theologian, he was very profound. His range of study was 
broad, and his investigations were intense and searching, and descend- 
ed into the very depths of theological problems, perhaps as far as 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 255 

"human mind could go. His chief text-books were the Bible and the 
Confessions of the Lutheran Church. .On Dogmatic Theology he was 
an acknowledged authority, in the Lutheran Church in the South, 
at least. 

As a writer, he showed the same originality of character as in 
other fields. His ideas were original, and his style bold and vigorous. 
His writings are not numerous, but the treatment of the subjects he 
handled is exhaustive. It is to be regretted that he could not devote 
more of his time to writing, and thus transmit to generations to come, 
the results of his deep researches in theology. 

His influence in all the relations in which we have mentioned 
him, as husband and father, as neighbor and citizen, as a man and as 
a preacher, and as a theological writer, was very great. In the Lu- 
theran Church of the South, he was, _ perhaps, the greatest man in its 
history. 

He labored hard and made great sacrifices to establish our school, 
Concordia College, for the Tennessee Synod, in which the Word of 
God should be recognized as a factor in education, and in which the 
Bible and Luther's Catechism should be taught daily. His influence 
is felt far beyond the limits of his own Synod, even throughout the 
whole Southern Church. He was in the midst of his earnest labors, 
both writing and preaching, to raise the Lutheran Church of the South 
to a higher plain of doctrine and practice, when the Master called him 
to his reward. Thus ended his work. A good and great man has 
fallen. 

Obituary of Rev. Henry Wetzel. — At his residence, near Cal- 
vary, about two miles west of Woodstock, Shenandoah Count}', Vir- 
ginia, March 3, 1890, after a complicated illness of three or four 
months duration, Rev. Henry Wetzel departed this life ; aged 74 
years, 2 months, and 20 days. 

His funeral services' took place from Mt. Calvary Church, March 
5, at 10 A. M., Rev. P. C. Wike officiating. His remains were then 
conveyed to Zion's Church, a distance of six miles, and laid to rest by 
the side of his consort who preceded him to eternity. 

He was born in Southwest Virginia, near the Tennessee line, of 
Christian parents, who brought him up in the nurture and admonition 
of God. He prepared himself for the Gospel ministry, and was or- 
dained to the office of pastor, by the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee 
Synod, at its session held in Rader's Church, near Timberville, Rock- 
ingham County, Virginia, in the year 1841, and continued in the 
active services of the ministry until within a few months of his death, 
— a period of forty -nine } 7 ears. During his ministry, he served con- 
gregations in Augusta, Rockingham, and Shenandoah Counties, Vir- 
ginia, as well as congregations in West Virginia, doing much missionary 



256 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

work. He also served a congregation in Baltimore, Maryland, for 
several years. 

He was a man of strong mind and indomitable energy, an able 
and impressive preacher, both in the German and English languages, 
sound in the faith, and ever ready to promulgate, maintain, defend, 
and perpetuate the true doctrines and usages of the church, in their 
purity and simplicity. He was an able, fearless, formidable debater, 
full of zeal and perseverance. 

By assiduous effort and close application to study and investiga- 
tion, he attained an eminent degree in literature and theology, as well 
as in church history and dogmatics. He was one of the ablest minis- 
ters in the Valley of Virginia. He possessed an extensive library, and 
he really used it. He took great delight in reading the Confessions of 
the Church and Luther's Entire Works. He was quite familiar with 
them, frequently making translations from them. 

When the translation of the Christian Book of Concord, or the 
Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, into the 
English language, was undertaken, he was selected to make a purely 
literal translation of the Epitome ; so, too, when Luther's Church- 
Postil on the Epistles was translated for publication in the English, 
he was selected to prepare a similar translation of the third volume. 

He was a son of George and Margaret Wetzel. He entered 
into the estate of matrimony with Miss Mary C. Staubus, daughter of 
Christian and Mary E. Staubus, of Augusta County, Virginia, Decem- 
ber 5, 1839, with whom he had seven children, — six daughters and 
one son. 

He leaves two daughters and several grand-children, with numer- 
ous other relatives and friends, to lament his departure. Having fin- 
ished his course here, he has now gone to the spirit world, to enjoy, 
as we trust, that rest and those rewards prepared for the faithful. 

As the following papers were submitted to Synod for 
its action, it was deemed proper to give them a place here. 

Basis of Union of the United Synod of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church in- the South. 

I. The Confessional Basis. 

1. The Holy Scriptures, the Inspired Writings of the 
Old and New Testaments, the only standard of doctrine and 
church discipline. 

2. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 
the Holy Scriptures in regard to matters of faith and prac- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 257 

tice, the three ancient symbols, the Apostolic, the Nicene, 
and the Athanasian Creeds, and the Unaltered Augsburg 
Confession of Faith. Also the other Symbolical Books of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Church, viz.: the Apology, the 
Smalcald Articles, the Small and Large Catechisms of Lu- 
ther, and the Formula of Concord, consisting of the Epitome 
and Full Declaration, as they are set forth, defined, and pub- 
lished in the Christian Book of Concord, or the Symbolical 
Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, published in 
the year 1580, (see Epitome of the Compendious Rule and 
Standard, and the Sol. Declaration — Preface), as true and 
Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught in the Augs- 
burg Confession, and in the perfect harmony of one and the 
same pure, Scriptural faith. 

II. The Object and Aim. 

Outward expression of the spiritual unity of the Synods 
concerned ; mutual strengthening in faith and confession ; 
unification of all Lutherans in one orthodox faith, and 
mutual co-operation in the promotion of the more general 
interests of the Church ; as, books of worship, liturgies, 
theological seminaries, charitable institutions, immigrant 
missions, foreign missions, and important home missionary 
operations. 

III. Its Powers. 

Its powers shall be only of an advisory and recommend- 
atory character in all matters, except such as pertain to the 
general interests or operations of the Church, as already 
indicated. In regard to these, it shall be invested with such 
powers as the Synods composing it may delegate to it. 

IV. Its Sphere. 

In its operations, it shall not interfere with the legiti- 
mate work of the Synods in its connections. 

V. Its Constitution. 
Its Constitution shall contain nothing that is in conflict 
with this basis of union. 



258 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

Constitution of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Church in the South. 

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 

Holy Ghost. 

I. Name. 

The name of this body shall be The United Synod 
of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South. 

II. Doctrixal Basis. 

The Doctrinal Basis of the organization shall be, 
i. The Holy Scriptures, the Inspired Writings of the 
Old and New Testaments, the only standard of doctrine and 
church discipline. 

2. As a true and faithful exhibition of the doctrines of 
the Holy Scriptures in regard to matters of faith and prac- 
tice, the three Ancient Symbols, the Apostolic, the Nicene, 
and the Athanasian Creeds, and the Unaltered Augsburg 
Confession of Faith ; also, the other Symbolical Books of 
the Evangelical Lutheran Church, viz.: The Apology, 
the Smalcald Articles, the Small and Large Catechisms of 
Luther, and the Formula of Concord, consisting of the 
Epitome and Full Declaration, as they are set forth, defined, 
and published in the Christian Book of Concord, or the 
Symbolical Books of the Lutheran Church, published in the 
year 1580, (see the Epitome of the Compendious Rule and 
Sta?idard ) and the Sol. Declarations — Preface) as true and 
Scriptural developments of the doctrines taught in the Augs- 
burg Confession, and in the perfect harmony of one and the 
same pure, Scriptural faith. 

III. Object and Aim. 

The object and aim of this Synod shall be outward 
expression of the spiritual unit}- of the Synods concern- 
ed ; mutual strengthening in faith and confession; unifi- 
cation of all Lutherans in one orthodox faith, and mu- 
tual co-operation in the promotion of the more general 
interests of the Church ; as, books of worship, liturgies, 
theological seminaries, charitable institutions, immigrant 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 259 

missions, foreign missions, and important home missionary 
operations. 

IV. Components of the Body. 

1. This body shall consist of delegates from all Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Synods, having adopted this Constitution, 
who may present themselves properly accredited by the 
presiding officers of their Synods. 

2. These delegates shall be chosen in the following 
ratio : one Minister and one Lay-Delegate for every one 
thousand communicants or fraction thereof. 

3. A majority of the delegates elected, provided a ma- 
jority of the Synods are thereby represented, shall constitute 

a quorum. 

V. Officers. 

1. The officers of this Synod shall be a President, a 
Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. They shall 
be elected by ballot. Ministers alone shall be eligible to 
the offices of President and Vice-President, but both clerical 
and lay-delegates to those of Secretary and Treasurer. No 
one shaK be elected President for more than two conven- 
tions in succession. 

2. The President shall act as chairman of the conven- 
tion. He may give his opinion, and, whenever the delegates 
shall be equally divided upon any question, he shall have 
the casting vote. He shall subscribe all letters, written 
advices, resolutions, and proceedings of the body. In ex- 
traordinary cases, and by request of any one of the Synods 
belonging to this organization, made known to him in the 
form of a Synodical resolution, he may call special conven- 
tions of the body, of which not less than six weeks' notice 
shall be given. 

3. If, for any cause, the President is unable to dis- 
charge his duties, the Vice-President shall take his place. 

4. The Secretary shall keep a journal of the proceed- 
ings of this Synod, and write, attest, and take care of all 
its documents. He shall also make known the time and 
place of meetings through the Church papers, published 



260 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 

within the bounds of the body, at least three months before- 
hand. In case of special conventions, such as provided for 
in Section 2 of this Article, he shall make known the time 
and place of meeting as soon as informed by the President. 
Should the duties of the Secretary become too burdensome 
for one person, the President, at his suggestion, may ap- 
point an assistant secretary. 

5. The Treasurer shall keep an account of the receipts 
and expenditures of the body. He shall give receipts for 
all funds put into his hands. He shall make no disburse- 
ments except by resolution of the Synod and upon the 
written order of the President, attested by the Secretary. — 
At every convention he shall render an account. 

6. Should any officer of this body, in the interim of its 
regular conventions, depart this life, resign his office, or 
become incapable of executing the same, then the other 
officers shall appoint some capable and faithful man to serve 
in his place until the next regular meeting — save in the case 
otherwise provided for in Section 3 of this Article. 

VI. Powers. 
The powers of the body shall be only of an advisory 
and recommendatory character in all matters, except such as 
pertain to the general interests or operations of the Church, 
as already indicated in Article III. In regard to these it 
shall be invested with such powers as the Synods composing 
it may delegate to it. In its operations it shall not interfere 
with the legitimate work of the Synods in its connection. 

VII. By-Laws. 
This body shall make such By-L,aws as it may deem 
necessary. No By-Law, however, shall be adopted which 
conflicts with any article of this Constitution. 

VIII. Amendments. 

1. The Doctrinal Basis of this Constitution shall ever 
remain unaltered. 

2. No alteration of other parts of this Constitution 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 26l 

shall be made except with the consent of two-thirds of the 
Synods connected with this organization. An exact copy 
of the intended alterations must be sent by the Secretary to 
the Presidents of the District Synods in connection with the 
body, with the request that they submit them to their re- 
spective Synods for decision. If, at the next convention, it 
shall appear that two-thirds of the District Synods are in 
favor of the alteration, it shall be declared adopted. 



262 HISTORY OF THE EVANGELICAL 



CHAPTER VI. 

ITS POLICY. 

In view of the clear teachings of the Augsburg" 
Confession, article twenty-eight, in regard to church gov- 
ernment, that "the two governments, the civil and the 
ecclesiastical, ought not to be mingled and confounded,"' 
but kept distinct from each other, and in view of the posi- 
tion taken by our Revolutionary fathers, based on the prin- 
ciple evolved in the Reformation of the sixteenth century, 
in the establishment of our State governments, and dreading 
whatever savors of the union of Church and State, the Ten- 
nessee Synod pursued a cautious and judicious course in her 
policy, lest it might give occasion for some of the evils and 
calamities with which the church had been afflicted in 
different ages and in different countries, by a combination 
of civil and ecclesiastical powers. So cautious was the 
Synod in regard to this matter, that several writers have 
presumed to charge it with adhering too closely to ' ' the 
Jeffersonian principles of Democracy/' Be this as it may, 
its policy seems to be, in many respects, closely in accord 
with the teachings of the Bible, as set forth in the twenty- 
eighth article of the Augsburg Confession. And possibly 
there was great reason for caution at that time, from the fact, 
that none of the Synods then recognized that article, and 
that there was a move to effect a union of the different, 
principal Protestant denominations, and have that recog- 
nized as the State Church. 

i. In its policy, it took the position, in the outset, that 
the rules and principles of church government are contained 
in the Holy Scriptures, and that no Christian organization 
has the right to make any rules or regulations which are 
not strictly in accord with the Bible. It condemned and 
rejected all human traditions, or rules or regulations im- 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 263 

posed on the Church as necessary to Christian fellowship, 
which are not well and clearly founded in the Holy Scrip- 
tures. It even denied the right of a majority to decide or 
control matters relative to doctrine and church discipline. 
The only standard by which such things can be decided, is 
the Word of God. The fact, that a majority might decide 
against a doctrine clearly taught in Divine Revelation, 
should be no sufficient reason that the minority should re- 
ject or denounce such doctrine. 

2. Its position is, that synods are only advisory bodies, 
and that they have no right to receive appeals from the 
decisions of congregations, or to make rules or regulations 
which are absolutely binding on the congregations. Of 
course, synods may recommend certain regulations for the 
conduct of congregations, and advise them to adopt such 
rules, but they have no right to enforce them contrary to 
the will of the people. The chief business of synods, ac- 
cording to its position, is to impart useful advice, to employ 
the proper means for the promotion and perpetuation of the 
Gospel of Jesus Christ, to detect and expose erroneous doc- 
trines and false teachers, and, on application, to examine 
candidates for the ministry; and if they sustain a suitable 
examination, and there are applications for their services 
in a congregation or congregations, to ordain them to the 
office of the ministry, in a regular, churchly way. Synods* 
are composed of congregations, represented by ministers 
and lay-delegates ; and when persons representing these 
classes are present, the one class shall not transact business 
without the presence and co-operation of the other. The 
right to examine and ordain candidates to the ministerial 
office, does not, however, belong exclusively to synods. 
Congregations have the right to choose fit persons for the 
ministry, and individual pastors have authority to ordain 
them to such office. 

3. It was opposed to the incorporation of synods b}^ 
civil government, or of their holding, as incorporated bodies, 
anj^ institutions. For this would be blending of civil and 



264 HISTORY OF THK KVANGELICAI, 

ecclesiastical authority. It would give synods power to 
sue and be sued, and to levy taxes on their members, and 
to compel them to pay them, just the same as any civil 
incorporation. It. is amply sufficient for the best interests 
of the Church, for civil government to protect the property 
of the Church by its acts of legislation and incorporation of 
certain individuals as trustees, to hold its institutions, 
against damage and infringement, for the purposes for 
which they are intended. The incorporation of a synod, 
holding within its own corporate limits certain property, is 
one thing, and lending its influence and patronage in favor 
of colleges, or other institutions so incorporated and held by 
trustees, for certain purposes, without any legal claim on 
synods as incorporated bodies, is something very different, 
and can lead to no conflict between the Church and the 
State. 

4. For the purpose of raising funds for the promotion 
of the Gospel and the extension of the Kingdom of Christ, 
the Synod suggested the propriety of each congregation 
having a treasury for itself, in which to deposit all the 
money that each member or other person might freely give. 
The moneys thus contributed were used to defray the cost 
of printing the -minutes of the Synod, to aid traveling min- 
isters, and for other purposes which would best enhance the 
interests of the churches or congregations. The manner, in 
which these treasuries were to be kept, and the disburse- 
ments, made, was left to the good judgment of the church 
councils and the ministers acquiescing. The moneys were 
to be gathered at every meeting, each month or every three 
months. At every meeting of Synod, the council of each 
church was expected to make a report of the amounts thus 
collected. The contributions were generally quite liberal, 
judging from the amount of printing that was done, and the 
extensive traveling expenses, and other matters, that were 
defrayed from such collections. It is true, there may not 
have been as much boasting about liberality during the for- 
mer period of the Synod, as there is at the present age, but 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 265 

the probability is, that there were more real charity and free 
giving. 

Perhaps, it would not be wide of the fact to state, that 
possibly there is more time spent by the different denomi- 
nations in collecting their dimes, through their innumerable 
societies, treasuries, and manipulations, which must be 
rung "from Maine to Georgia," than there is in teaching, 
preaching, and admonishing. Money, money, is the con- 
tinual cry everywhere. Congregations are divided up into 
too many distinct societies or organizations, each one claim- 
ing a distinct organization. A house divided against itself 
cannot well stand long. Whither is the Church tending ? 
Is there not too much extravagance and too little economy ? 
The love of money is the root of all evil, and is not this 
evil cropping out in all directions ? Every church member 
was expected to contribute to the pastor's salary and to the 
other expenses of the church, in the promotion of the Gos- 
pel, and where people are taught the pure doctrines of the 
Gospel and earnestly admonished according to the Scrip- 
tures, they are most likely to become liberal and perform 
their duties in the different relations of life. 

5. In tracing the policy of the Synod in all its aspects 
and bearings, it will be found that it held that the power 
of the Church is founded in the eternal nature and relation 
of things, having its lodgment in the congregations — for 
wherever the Gospel is preached in its purity and believed, 
and the Sacraments are administered and received according 
to the Gospel, there is the true Church, — and that synods 
or councils are only advisory bodies, having only such 
powers as the churches may invest them with. They are 
not sovereign. 



266 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAE 



CHAPTER VII. 

ITS FUTURE. 

It required much care, investigation, attention, and 
thoughtful consideration to trace and present fairly and 
honestly the history of the Synod, in all its aspects and 
bearings, and possibly it will require more insight, thought, 
and conception to formulate anything like proper views in 
regard to its future. But the past may be often taken as a 
somewhat reliable index of the future. If truth, fidelity, 
courage, boldness, and indomitable energy characterize the 
past, there are reasonable grounds to hope that similar ele- 
ments will manifest themselves in future efforts, and that a 
sound, churchly, positive policy will be maintained and 
perpetuated. A building that rests on a good and well 
arranged foundation, has a chief element of endurance, in- 
dicating, to a greater or less extent, its perpetuity in the 
future. A house built on a rock, is likely to stand against 
the forces of destruction, whilst one built on the sand, is 
most likely to fall, when ruinous forces come in contact 
with it. Matt. 7, 24-27. So, too, a synod based on the 
doctrines and principles of the Rock of Ages, as evolved 
from Divine Revelation, and set forth in the Scriptural Con- 
fessions of the Church during the sixteenth century, as 
they stand in the Symbolical Books of the Church, ought 
to be able to stand and perpetuate itself against all the 
storms of Pietism, Rationalism, fanaticism, and unionism. 

The Tennessee Synod, based on that foundation, and 
having withstood the fierce storms of fanaticism, unionism, 
and so-called liberalism, which prevailed during the nine- 
teenth century against it, cannot, in the future, deviate 
from its sound, tenable, Scriptural position in regard to 
doctrine and practice, without greatly and shamefully stulti- 
fying itself in the eyes of the Church and of the world. 
Notwithstanding the taunts, abuses, and persecutions it 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD. 267 

had to bear on account of its fidelity to the doctrines and 
practices of the Church, it adhered most tenaciously to the 
time-honored Confessions, proclaiming, teaching, and main- 
taining them in the family, in the catechetical class, from 
the pulpit, and through the press ; yea, even anglicizing 
them, and thus leading the Church in North America in 
these churchly, Scriptural directions. 

This Synod having proved so faithful and courageous 
for nearly three quarters of a century, and established a 
most enviable reputation for orthodoxy, or fidelity to the 
faith of the Church, and having accomplished so much in 
restoring the Church to her normal condition in doctrine 
and practice, it is not unnatural to conclude, that it will 
require a most abnormal change to induce it to forsake its 
Scriptural principles and to ignore its well-merited history. 
All the indications are favorable to its pressing forward 
with greater vigor, if possible, in its well founded position, 
in fully restoring the Church to her true, confessional posi- 
tion, — one of the chief objects for which it was organized. 
It is now in a better condition for work than it has been in 
any previous period. It is well organized. It is a unit in 
doctrine and practice, — all speak the same thing. It has 
quite a number of able ministers, in literature and theology, 
who are true to the faith of the Church, — men of energy, 
zeal, and perseverance, with their hearts in the cause. Its 
congregations are generally in a prosperous condition, ad- 
hering to the Confessions of the Church. Harmony pre- 
vails among the ministers and their people or congregations. 
Every effort is made to indoctrinate the rising generations 
in the sound, Scriptural principles and usages of the Church. 
Its literary institutions are- being gradually built up. Its 
children are regularly dedicated to God, and instructed in 
the elementary principles of Christianity, as arranged in 
Luther's Catechism. Its prospects are brighter now than 
they were at any previous time. If it will, as all the as- 
pects and bearings indicate, maintain its present position 
and policy, it has an important, a glorious mission before 



268 HISTORY OF THE EVANGEUCAI, 

it, in the future. Let it determine then to go forward, ac- 
cording to the command of God, and it will be able to stem 
the currents of fanaticism, and to over-ride the obstacles of 
unionism, cant, and hypocrisy, and to fill the sphere for. 
which it was designed, with honor and success. Who, 
that is honest in his investigation and observance of the 
work of this Synod, in view of the circumstances under 
which it was organized and labored, cannot see the hand of 
God in its work and accomplishments ! Mere human force 
could not have accomplished what it did. Let. us rejoice 
that God has brought us hither, and ask his guidance in 
the future. For, the true Church is built upon the Rock of 
Ages : "and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." 



LUTHERAN TENNESSEE SYNOD.. 269 



APPENDIX. 



Names and Addresses of Ministers Now in Connection with 
the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod. 

Rev. J. R. Peterson, Dallas, North Carolina. 

Rev. T. Moser, Mt. Pleasant, North Carolina. 

Rev. S. Henkee, D. D. , New Market, Virginia. 

Rev. C. H. Bernheim, Conover, North Carolina. 

Rev. D. Efird, Lexington, South Carolina. 

Rev. J. M. Smith, Conover, North Carolina. 

Rev. L. A. Bikxe, D. D., Dallas, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. I. MiEEER, D. D., Luray, Virginia. 

REV. I. Conder, McGaheysville, Virginia. 

Rev. J. N. Stirewaet, Stony Man, Virginia. 

REV. A. L. Crouse, Hickory, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. P. Stirewaet, New Market, Virginia. 

REV. Prof. M. L. Little, Dallas, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. C. Moser, Hickory, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. K. Efird, Rightwell, South Carolina. • 

Rev. J. A. Cromer, Columbia, South Carolina. 

Rev. E. L. Lybrand, Summit Point, South Carolina. 

Rev. Prof. R. A. Yoder, Conover, North Carolina. 

Rev. Prof. J. S. Koiner, Waynesboro, Virginia. 

Rev. D. A. Sox, Edwardsville, Alabama. 

Rev. D. A. Goodman, Happy Home, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. W. Hausenfeuck, Alma, Virginia. 

REV. Prof. W. P. Ceine, Ilex, North Carolina. 

REV. D. J. Setteemyre, New Sterling, North Carolina. 

RE^. J. A. Rudisiee, Henry, North Carolina. 

Rev. R. H. Ceine, Orkney Springs, Virginia. 

REV. P. C. Wike, Maurertown, Va. 

Rev. D. C. Huffman, Hickory, North Carolina. 

REV. Prof. J. G. Schaid, Conover, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. P. Price, Concord, North Carolina. 

Rev. J. F. Moser, Monroe, North Carolina. 

REV. W. L. Darr, Chapin, South Carolina. 

Rev. D. I. Offman, Julian, North Carolina. 

REV. J. P. MiEEER, Conover, North Carolina. 



List of Churches Now in Connection with the Evangelical 
Lutheran Tennessee Synod.' 

Alabama. 

Cleburne County. — St. Michael's. Calhoun County. — Zion. 
South Carolina. 

Lexington County.— Zion, St. Peter's (M.), St. Paul's, Cedar Grove,. 
St. James's, Immanuel, St. Peter's (P. W.), St. John's, St. Jacob's,. 
Bethlehem, St. Thomas's. 

Richland County. — St. Andrew's, Mt. Tabor. 
North Carolina. 

Alamance County. — Mt. Pleasant. 

Alexander County. — Friendship, Salem, Shiloh. 

Burke County. — Luther, Lutheran Chapel. 

Caldwell County. — Philadelphia, Mt. Zion, Lutz's. 

Cabarrus County.— St. Martin's, Lutheran Union. 

Catawba County. — St. James's, Grace, Concordia, St. John's, St, 
Paul's, St. Peter's, St. Stephen's, Zion, Holy Trinity, Newton, 
Sardis, Bethel, St. Timothy's, Mt. Olive. 

Cleveland County.— St. Matthew's. 

Davidson County. — Pilgrim, Beck's, Emmanuel, New Jerusalem, 
Holly Grove. 

Gaston County.— St. Mark's, Philadelphia, Lutheran Chapel, St. 
John's, Antioch, Christ's, College Chapel, Mt. Holly. 

Guilford County. — Coble's. 

Iredell County.— Sharon, St. Martin's. 

Lincoln County. — Daniel's, Trinity, Salem, Bethphage, St. Luke's, 
Sharon. 

Mecklenburg County. — Morning Star. 

Randolph County. — Melanchthon. 

Rowan County. — Mt. Moriah, St. Mark's, Phanuel. 

Stanley County.— St. Martin's. 

Union County.— Emmanuel, St. Luke's. 

Watauga County. — Valle Crusis, Mt. Pleasant. 

Virginia. 

Augusta County.— Bethlehem, St. Paul's. 

Rockingham County. — Bethany (St. Jacob's), McGaheysville, Trin- 
ity, St. Peter's, Rader, St. John's, Bethel. 

Prince William County. — Bethel. 

Page County.— St. Paul's, St. William's (Fairview), Grace, Mt. Cal- 
vary, Morning Star, St. Mark's, Cedar Point. 

Shenandoah County. — Emmanuel, Mt. Zion, Solomon's, St. Mary's 
(Pine), Powder Springs, St. Paul's, St. Jacob's, Zion, St. Mat- 
thew's, St. Stephen's, St. David's, Mt. Calvary, Morning Star. 

Madison County.— Mt. Nebo. 

(270) 



INDEX. 



Augsburg Confession, i, n 

translation of, 73 
Action relative to Doctrinal Dif- 
ferences, 66 
Action of South Carolina Synod 

condemned, 94, 95 
Attack of Rev. Dr. Hazelius, 118 
Associate Council, 122, 123 
Archives of Synod, 142 
Advisory Members,; 149, 150, 158, 

170, 172, 182, 192 
Amendments to the Constitution, 

211, 214 
Action in regard to inter-lapping 

territory, 215, 219, 221 
Action in regard to Rev. B. S. 

Brown's case, 243, 244 

Brunnholz, Rev.,, 3 

Book of Concord, Latin, 13 

German, 14 

English, in, 112, 126, 128, 132, 

229, 237, 247 
Basis and Regulations, 25, 29 
Bonham, Rev. Nehemiah, 64, 77, 

117, 120 
Brown, Rev. Dr. A. J., 92 
Biewend, Rev. A., Delegate of 

Missouri Synod, 137 
Brohm, Rev. Theo., 138, 139, 140, 

141 
Beard, Rev. C, 151 
By-Laws, 152, 157, 159 
Book of Worship, 176, 188, 193 
Beneficiary Education, 179, 180, 

182, 194, 207 
Beneficiary money, returned, 206 
Bernheim, Rev. C. H., 211 
Brown, Rev. B. S., 239, 244 
Basis of United Synod, 256, 257 

Causes which gave rise to its Or- 
ganization, 1 

Constitution, as revised in 1866, 
33, 163, as revised in 1883, 223 

Constitution for Philadelphia con- 
gregation, 3 



Controversy between the Ortho- 
dox and Pietists, 4 
Corpus Evangelicum, 5 
Change of Confessional Basis, 5 
Comprehensive Account, &c, 11 
Conflicts, 13 

Called Session of Synod, 15 
Chief doctrines in controversy, 23 
Costner, Rev. Jacob, 54 
Catechism, Luther's Small, trans- 
lation of, 70, 73 
Constitution, remodeled, 73 
Conrad, Rev. Ephraim R., 95 
Case, Rev. Adam Miller's, jr., 110^ 

in, 112, 113, 115, 116, 122 
Case, Rev. J. W. Hull's, in, 113, 

114, 115 
Crouse, Rev. Thomas, 122 
Campbell, Rev. John F., 124 
Church Postil, 143, 144, 177 
Congregational treasuries, 146 
Conder, Rev. L, 158 
Convention, called, 158 
Conferences, 164 
Commission to Gen'al Synod, 165, 

166, 170 
Commissioner to General S}mod, 

166, 172 
Church Paper, 166 
Concordia Synod of Va., 173, 174, 

175, 189 
Crouse, Rev. A. L., 188 
Course of study, 196 
Constitution of Home Missions, 

199 
Cromer, Rev. James A., 207 
Cline, Rev. W. P., 214, 251 
Concordia College, 222, 223, 229, 

237, 242, 251 
College, Gaston, 229, 232 
Cline, Rev. R. H., 232, 233 
Christian Greetings, a paper, 240, 

241 
Catechism, publication of, 241, 

244, 245 
Charlotte, Female College, 251 
Constitution of United Synod, 258 



272 



INDEX. 



Directions for deeds, 3 
Differences in doctrine, 14, 63, 64, 

6 5 
Day of prayer and humiliation, 46 

Divinity of Christ, 71, 73 

Duties of church officers, 107, no, 

113 

Districting Synod, 141, 143 

Division of Synod, 146, 147 

Delegates to other synods, 147, 
149, 150, 175, 177, 188 

Dismission of ministers in Ten- 
nessee, 153, 156 

Dignity of Synod, 216 

Diet, 226, 228 

Diet, delegates to, 231, 232, 233, 
234, 242 

Delegates to United Synod, 247, 
248 

Darr, Rev. W. L-, 250 

Easterly, Rev. G., 52, 121 
Efird, Rev. Adam, 122 
Efird, Rev. Daniel, 134 
Emmert, Rev. J. B., 137 
Examination of Applicants, 147, 

148 
Efird, Rev. Jacob K. , 207 
Enrollment of churches, 217 



Fidelity to the Confessions, 3 

Fraternal Union, 10 

Forester, Rev. David, 76, 122 

Fox, Rev. Alfred J., 94 

Firm of S. D. Henkel & Brothers, 

126, 127 
Fleenor, Rev. James, 137 
Fleenor, Rev. A., 146 
Fox, Mr. D. E., 159, 164, 167 
Fox, Rev. L. A., 163, 176, 188, 

233 
Freedmen, 168, 169, 213 
Fox, Rev. M. L., 188, 241 
Formula of Distribution, 251 

Gemeinschaftliche Gesangbuch, 5 
General transactions, 45 
Grieson, Rev. Jacob, 44 
Greek language, 46, 52 
Gock, Carl, of Pennsylvania, 63 
Goodman, Rev. Henry, 79, 83, 

207 
Goodman, David 'A., 164, 214 



Henkel, Rev. Paul, 7 

Henkel, Rev. David, 13, 71, 73V 

75, 79, 80 
Henkel, Rev. Ambrose, 51, 62, 64, 

73, 79, 83 
Henkel, Rev. Philip, 46, 79, 85, 86 
Henkel, Rev. Eusebius S., 84, 86 
Henkel, Dr. S. G., no, 112, 117, 

118, 125, 127, 128, 143, 144 
Henkel, Rev. Socrates, 123, 130, 

132 
Harr, Rev. Joseph, 54 
Hymn-book, English, 75, 76, 91, 

92 
Hancher, Rev. Wm., 90, 104 
Henkel, Rev. P. C, 113, 198, 205, 

232, 252 
Hancher, Rev. James K., 116 
Hull, Rev. Joseph, 117, 143 
Hazelius, Rev. Dr., 118 
Hawkins, Rev. E., 119 
Henkel, Rev. D. M., 121, 143 
Henkel, Rev. Andrew, 124 
Hunton, Rev. J. H., 149, 158 
Historical facts, 157 
Henkel, David S., 164 
Holston Synod, 172 
Hausenfiuck, Rev. J. W., 202 
History of Synod, 247, 252, 253 

Instructions to the Governor, 1 
Invitation to Pennsylvania, 71 
Instruction, catechetical, 74 
Installation, 194 

Interest in beneficiary education, 
213 



Joint Synod, 178, 188 
Joint Union, &c, 194, 195, 226, 
228 



Kurtz's, Rev. N., ordination, 2 
Kurtz, Rev. H. A., 44 
Killian, Rev. Jacob, 92 
Koiner, Rev. J. S., 213, 251 

Lax condition of the church, 13 
Leaders in the conflict, 18, 19, 20 
Larros, Rev. Jacob, 44 
Liturgy, 45, 95, 97, 99 
Luther's writings, 55 
Letter, pastoral, 73 
Literary training, 74 



INDEX. 



273 



Luther's Commentary on Gala- 

tians, 89, 90 
Link, Rev. Adam S., 96 
Lutheran Standard, no, 125 
Lutherische Kirchenzeitung, no 
Luther on the Sacraments, 117, 

118, 
Lutheraner, 120 

Literary Institution, 132, 134, 137 
Licensure, 163, 164 
Lutheran and Missionary, 179 
Lutheran, Evangelical, 189 
Lutheran High School, 199, 205, 

213 
Lybrand, Rev. Eli Lot, 207 
Letter by Hunt and others, 221 
Lutz, Rev. W. A., delegate, 243, 

244 

Muhlenberg, 2, 66 

Miller, Rev. Robert Johnson, 
Episcopalian, 9 

Moser, Rev. Daniel, 45, 50, 51, 
61, 97 

Moretz, Rev. C, 48, 52, 96 

Majority, 51, 52 

Miller, Rev. Adam, Sen., 52, 108, 
109 

Meeting in Kentucky, 54, 55 

Miller, Rev. Adam, Jr., 66, 71, 92, 
no, III 

Meeting for discussion proclaim- 
ed, 70 

Meeting, public, 72 

Markert, Rev. John L., 77, 88 

Moser, Rev. Jonathan R., 92, 137, 
198 

McGinnas, W. W., Esq., 112, 113 

Moser, Rev. T., 116 

Missouri Synod, &c, 120 

Ministerial support, 132, 134, 145, 

?5? 

Ministerial Education, 132 
Moretz, Rev. Christian, Jr., 146, 

198 
Mission work in the Confederate 

Army, 160, 161 
Missouri conference or synod, 195 
Missionary Regulations, 202, 203 
Miller, Rev. Thomas, 207 
Mission Work transferred to Con- 
ferences, 209, 212 
Monuments, 213, 232, 241 
Miller, Rev. Dr. J. I., 229 



Missionary work, 242, 244, 25] 
Miller, Rev. J. T., 246 
Miller, Rev. J. P., 250 
Moser, Rev. J. F., 250 



New York Liturgy, 12 
Name of Synod, 29, 30 
New Measures, 101 
New Synod, 166, 167 
Newberry College, 170 



Ordination of David Henkel, 17 
Organization of the Northern 

General Synod, 18, 173 
Opportunity for the final rupture, 

18 
Organization of Tenn. Synod, 24 
Ordination of Jacob Zink and 

Adam Miller, 31 
Object of its organization, 40-42 
Objections to Gen. Synod, 52, 105 
Obituary, Rev. Paul Henkel, 67-70 

Rev. David Henkel, 80-82 

Rev. Philip Henkel, 85-86 

Organization of Indiana Synod, 88 
Obituary, Rev. John N. Stirewalt, 

9 2 -93 

Rev. Daniel Moser, 98-99 

Rev. John Rhodes, 106 

Rev. Adam Miller, Sen., 

108-109 
Obituary, Rev. N. Bonham, 120 

Deacon J. Costner, 159-160 

Rev. Jacob Stirewalt, 180-182 

Rev. A. Henkel, 185-186 

Rev. C. G. Reitzel, 187-188 

Rev. Wm. Hancher, 190-191 

Rev. Jacob Killian, 92, 191- 

192 
Our Church Paper, 197 
Obituary, Rev. Godfrey Dreher, 

200-201 
Obituary, Rev. T. Crouse, 204-205 

Rev. H. Goodman, 208 

Rev. J. S. Bennick, 217-218 

Rev. A. J. Fox, 230-231 

Mr. Thomas E. Armentrout, 

238-239 
Obituary, Rev. M. L. Fox, M. D., 

248-249 
Obituary, Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. 

D., 249-250 
Offman, Rev. D. I,, 250 



274 



INDEX. 



Obituary, Rev. P. C. Henkel, D. 

D., 253-255 
Obituary, Rev. H. Wetzel, 255- 

256 

Pryzelius, Paul D., admitted, 3 

Political changes, 3 

Pietism, 4 

Point of Union, 11 

Paper pasted on the word Trinity, 

18 
Personal difficulties, 23 
Position and Basis, 32 
Persecution, 37 
Printing establishment, 37, 38 
Publications, 38, 39 
Pennsylvania Synod, 59 
Publications, 87, 88 
Petition from South Carolina, 99 
Proceedings of General Synod, 

102, 103 
Peterson, Rev. J. R., 113 
Plan for Missionary work, 207 
Probst, Rev. L. K., 240, 244 
Peschau, Rev. F. W. K., 240 
Price, Rev. J. P., 246 
Policy, 262-265 

Rationalism, 4 

Religious revival, 6-8 

Revival theory, 8, 9 

Rules, 11, 149 

Rupture, 20 

Riemenschneider, Rev. G. H., 

60, 61 
Regeneration, 76, 162 
Rankin, Rev. Wm. C, 79, 82, 83 
Riemenschneider, Rev. John J., 

Resolution of Virginia Synod con- 
demned, 95 
Reply to Rev. Dr. Bachman's 

sermon, 96 
Reply to the action of Virginia 

Synod, 97 
Reitzel, Rev. C. G., 103 
Religious journal, 103, 104' 
Rhodes, Rev. John, 105, 106 
Reynolds, Rev. Prof, 124 
Review, Evangelical, 125 
Report of committee on resolution 
of the Pennsylvania Synod rela- 
tive to union with the General 
Synod, 135-136 



Revision of Liturgy, 148, 150 
Revision of constitution, 150, 151, 

152, 156, 157, 161, 163, 168 
Rules of order, 158 
Re-union of all the Tennessee 

Synod members, 175, 193 
Reconstruction, 176, 177 
Rules for beneficiaries, 206 
Reception of Concordia High 

School, 211, 212 
Rudisill, Rev. J. A., 228 
Regulations for United Synod, 

235, 236 
Relation of Tennessee Synod to 

United Synod, 245, 246 



Swedish colonists, 1 

Saltzburg refugees, 2 

St. Michael's church, 2 

Shober, Rev. G., 6, 10, 11, 12, 16 

Storch, Rev., 7 

Stirewalt, Capt. J. N., 14 

Separation, 21, 22, 23 

Session, second, 43-47 

— third, 47-53 
Slavery, 52 

St. Paul's School, 46, 53 
Session, fourth, 53-60 
Sechrist, Rev. A., 57, 87, 89, 91 
Session, fifth, 60-65 

— sixth, 65-70 

— seventh, 70-71 

— eighth, 71-74 

Stirewalt, Rev. John N., 74, 76, 90 
Session, ninth, 74-76 
Symbolical books, 75 
Session, tenth, 76-78 

— eleventh, 78 

— twelfth, 78-82 

— thirteenth, 82-83 

— fourteenth, 83-86 

— fifteenth, 86-88 

— sixteenth, 88-90 

— seventeenth, 90-93 
Schoolfield, Rev. D. S., 92, 104, 

109, no 
Stirewalt, Rev. Jacob, 95, 99 
Session, eighteenth, 93-95 

— nineteenth, 96-99 

— twentieth, 99-100 

— twenty -first, 100-104 

— twenty-second, 104-106 

— twenty-third, _io7 






INDEX. 



275 



Session, twenty-fourth, 107-109 

— twenty-fifth, 109-112 

— twenty-sixth, 112-113 
Shaver, Rev. J. M., 113 
Session, twenty-seventh, 113-117 
Sin against the Holy Ghost, 117 
Session, twenty-eighth, 117-120 
Swaney, Rev. Denis, 120, 124 
Swaney, Rev. Wtn. H., 176, 180 
Session, twenty -ninth, 120-121 

— thirtieth, 121- 123 

— thirty-first, 123-132 

— thirty-second, 132-134 

— thirty -third, 135-140 

— thirty-fourth, 140-142 

— thirty-fifth, 142-145 
Spielmann, Rev., delegate, 142 
Sondhaus, Rev. Martin, 142, 152 
Swartz, Rev. Joel, 142, 149 
Stirewalt, Rev. Paul J., 142 
Session, thirty-sixth, 145-147 

— thirty-seventh, 147-149 
Seneker, Rev. J. B. , 149 
Seneker, Rev. J. A., 149 
Session, thirty-eighth, 149- 151 
Schmucker, Rev. George, 149 
Smith, Rev. J. M., 150 
Stirewalt, Rev. J. D., 150 
Session, thirty-ninth, 151-153 
Stirewalt, Rev. M. J., 152, 173 
Session, fortieth, 153-158 
Smyre, Rev. E. B., 157 
Session, forty-first, 158 

— forty-second, 159-160 

— forty-third, 160-162 

— forty-fourth, 162-163 
Southern Lutheran, 162-163 
Session, forty-fifth, 163, 164 

— forty-sixth, 164-170 
Sunday-schools, 172, 233, 245 
Session, forty -seventh, 170-172 

— forty-eighth, 172-177 

— forty-ninth, 177-182 

— fiftieth, 182-188 

— fifty-first, 188-192 
Stirewalt, Rev. John N., 189 
Session, fifty-second, 192-196 

— fifty-third, 196-197 
Stirewalt, Rev. J. Paul, 196 
Sy nodical Fund, 197 
Session, fifty-fourth, 198 

— fifty-fifth, 199-201 

— fifty-sixth, 201-205 

— fifty-seventh, 205-206 



Session, fifty-eighth, 206-208 

— fifty -ninth, 208-210 
Summit Rule, 209, 210 
Session, sixtieth, 211-212 

— sixty-first, 212-214 

— sixty-second, 214-218 
Sunday-school Work, 215 
Session, sixty-third, 218-228 

— sixty-fourth, 228-231 
Souls, 221 

Settlemyre, Rev. D. J., 228 
Sox, Rev. D. A., 228 
Session, sixty-fifth, 231-232 

— sixty-sixth, 233-239 
Smeltzer, Rev. J. P., D. D., 233 
Session, sixty-seventh, 239-243 

— sixty-eighth, 243-250 

— sixty-ninth, 250-256 
Schaid, Rev. Prof. J. G., 250 

Time for holding Synod changed, 

15 
Time for the regular meeting of 

Synod, 16, 17 
Treatise on prayer, 75 
Thanks to Dr. Solomon Henkel, 

77 

Uniouistic proclivities, 13 
Union, more general, 15, 16 
Unionists withdraw from the 

church to a hotel, 22 
Union, general, 101, 102, 178, 183 
Union with Southern General 

Synod, 216, 217 

Virginia Synod rescinds her reso- 
lutions against the Tennessee 
Synod, 138, 140 

Work prospered and extended in 

different States, 42 
Weyer Rev. Antonius, 44 
Work of the different decades, 77, 

78, 100, 123, 157, 184, 212, 252, 

253 
Wetzel, Rev. Henry, 103, 229 
Wagner, Rev. James M., 116, 170 
Western Virginia Synod, 118, 119 

Yount, Rev. A. L., 202, 206 
Yoder, Rev. Prof. R. A., 251 

Zink, Rev. Jacob, 51 



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and subscription, which the publishers indulge the hope it will receive. Every 
family should subscribe for and read a good church paper. 

Our Church Paper and the Shenandoah Valley will be sent one year, to 
the same address, for $2.25, cash in advance. 

Our Church Paper for one year, and "Luther's Church Postil, sent for $2.50. 



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